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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Dynamics of Rb and 21 Ne spin ensembles interacting by spin exchange with a high Rb magnetic field

Jiancheng Fang, Yao Chen, Yan Wu Lu, Wei Quan, Sheng Zou

Published Jun 8, 2016• 27 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We report on the dynamics of spin-polarized Rb and 21 Ne ensembles in which the 21 Ne spin ensemble in a glass vapor cell experiences a high magnetic field produced by a Rb electron-spin ensemble. The coupled spin ensembles are modeled and the response of the transverse-step magnetic field excitation is solved and studied experimentally. Moreover, we analyze the frequency response of the ensembles to a transverse-oscillating magnetic field. We demonstrate the strong transverse damping and large frequency shift of the 21 Ne spin ensemble as the precession frequencies of 21 Ne spin and Rb spin match and the magnetic resonance spectroscopies of the two ensembles merge into one. We also demonstrate the operation of the spin ensembles as a self-compensating co-magnetometer that is insensitive to low-frequency magnetic fields that would be useful for rotation rate sensing. For such sensing applications, a large Rb density is achieved to polarize the 21 Ne spins. This density leads to a high Rb electron spin magnetic field and we demonstrate its effect on the dynamics of the co-magnetometer.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/49/13/135002

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Abstract We report on the dynamics of spin-polarized Rb and 21 Ne ensembles in which the 21 Ne spin ensemble in a glass vapor cell experiences a high magnetic field produced by a Rb electron-spin ensemble. The coupled spin ensembles are modeled and the response of the transverse-step magnetic field excitation is solved and studied experimentally. Moreover, we analyze the frequency response of the ensembles to a transverse-oscillating magnetic field. We demonstrate the strong transverse damping and large frequency shift of the 21 Ne spin ensemble as the precession frequencies of 21 Ne spin and Rb spin match and the magnetic resonance spectroscopies of the two ensembles merge into one. We also demonstrate the operation of the spin ensembles as a self-compensating co-magnetometer that is insensitive to low-frequency magnetic fields that would be useful for rotation rate sensing. For such sensing applications, a large Rb density is achieved to polarize the 21 Ne spins. This density leads to a high Rb electron spin magnetic field and we demonstrate its effect on the dynamics of the co-magnetometer.
change interaction. In a K-Rb- 21 Ne co-magnetometer which was used for rotation sensing, Rb atomic spins and the 21 Ne nuclear spins couple together by spin exchange. Due to the large Rb density and the Fermi contact constant of Rb- 21 Ne pair, the magnetization field of Rb atomic spins is much larger than that of the K in a K- 3 He co-magnetometer. At the co-magnetometer working point, the precession frequency of Rb atomic spins are much larger than that of the 21 Ne spins. The decay rate and precession frequency of 21 Ne atoms is much smaller than that of the point when the precession frequencies of the Rb and 21 Ne atoms are the same. In this experiment, the dynamics of the Rb- 21 Ne pair at different holding magnetic field point were studied. The frequency response of the co-magnetometer to oscillating magnetic field at different holding magnetic field point was also studied.
We describe linear and nonlinear dynamics of spin-polarized K and 3He ensembles interacting by spin exchange. The interactions are dominated by the imaginary part of the spin-exchange cross section and each spin species is primarily affected by the average magnetization of the other. Operating in a very low magnetic field we demonstrate novel dynamics when the electron and nuclear spin precession frequencies are nearly matched. We observe transverse damping as well as a dynamic instability of the 3He spins interacting with polarized K vapor. We also demonstrate operation as a self-compensating comagnetometer, useful for tests of CPT violation and other precision measurements.
Abstract In a K-Rb- 21 Ne co-magnetometer, the Rb electron magnetic field which is experienced by the nuclear spin is about 100 times larger than that of the K in a K- 3 He co-magnetometer. The large electron magnetic field which is neglected in the K- 3 He co-magnetometer coupled Bloch equations model is considered here in the K-Rb- 21 Ne co-magnetometer to study the low frequency magnetic field suppression effect. Theoretical analysis and experimental results shows that in the K-Rb- 21 Ne spin co-magnetometer, not only the nuclear spin but also the large electron spin magnetic field compensate the external magnetic field noise. By comparison, only the 3 He nuclear spins mainly compensate the external magnetic field noise in a K- 3 He co-magnetometer. With this study, in addition to just increasing the magnetic field of the nuclear spins, we can suppress the magnetic field noise by increasing the density of the electron spin. We also studied how the magnetic field suppression effect relates to the scale factor of the K-Rb- 21 Ne co-magnetometer and we compared the scale factor with that of the K- 3 He co-magnetometer. Lastly, we show the sensitivity of our co-magnetometer. The magnetic field noise, the air density fluctuation noise and pumping power optimization are studied to improve the sensitivity of the co-magnetometer.
Frequency responses of the K-Rb-21^{21}21Ne co-magnetometer
The frequency responses of the K-Rb-21^{21}21Ne co-magnetometer to magnetic field and exotic spin dependent forces are experimentally studied and simulated in this paper. Both the relationship between the output amplitude, the phase shift and frequencies are studied. The responses of magnetic field are experimentally investigated. Due to a lack of input methods, others are numerically simulated.
Spin manipulation and detection of alkali-metal and noble-gas ensembles in spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) comagnetometers are widely used in fundamental physical research, and have potential for inertial navigation. The dynamic behavior of spin ensembles is a vital characteristic that determines the applicability of comagnetometers, which significantly differs from various combinations of alkali-metal and noble-gas species. We comprehensively study the critical dynamics of strongly interacting ensembles in SERF comagnetometers with different species combinations. Different from the self-compensation point, a model of strong coupling point at which the dynamics is nonlinear because two ensembles influence each other strongly is established. We verify it by comparing the transient and steady-state dynamics of K-Rb-21Ne{}^{21}\mathrm{Ne}21Ne, K-Rb-3He{}^{3}\mathrm{He}3He, and K-3He{}^{3}\mathrm{He}3He comagnetometers with various input signals. The K-Rb-21Ne{}^{21}\mathrm{Ne}21Ne comagnetometer has a better potential for bandwidth and sensitivity in inertial measurement. Besides, we propose a critical point where the response rate of coupling spin ensembles is optimal among all polarization, and the critical dynamics is verified experimentally to be in agreement with theoretical simulations. The damping rate and precession frequency at the critical point can be more than 5 times larger than that at typical optimal spin polarization. Enhancement of spin-ensemble coupling strength improves the response rate of SERF comagnetometers and paves the way for efficient manipulation of noble-gas atoms via alkali-metal atoms in quantum information.
Abstract Atomic co-magnetometers can be utilized for high-precision angular velocity sensing or fundamental physics tests. The sensitivity of a co-magnetometer determines the angle random walk of an angular velocity sensor and the detection limit for a fundamental physics test. A high-sensitivity K-Rb-21Ne co-magnetometer, which is utilized for angular velocity sensing, is presented in this paper. A new type of spin relaxation of Rb atom spins, which can broaden the zero-field magnetic resonance lines of the co-magnetometer, is discovered. Further studies show that the spin relaxation of Rb atoms is caused by a high Rb electron magnetization field. With this discovery, the total relaxation rate of Rb atoms is optimized to improve the sensitivity of the co-magnetometer. Moreover, its sensitivity is optimized by suppressing various noises. Especially, to suppress laser-related noises, the co-magnetometer is designed such that the sensitive axis of the co-magnetometer can be fixed to the direction in which the projection input of the earth’s rotation is 0. This is called a rotating co-magnetometer. A magnetic field sensitivity of 1.0 fT/Hz−1/2@5 Hz, which is equal to an angular velocity sensitivity of 2.1 × 10−8 rad s−1 Hz−1/2@5 Hz, is demonstrated using a spherical vapour cell with a diameter of 14 mm.