Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Applied Optics

Phase-retrieval-based attacks on linear-canonical-transform-based DRPE systems

Changliang Guo, Inbarasan Muniraj, John T. Sheridan

Published Jun 6, 2016• 38 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The hybrid input-output algorithm, error reduction algorithm, and combinations of both phase retrieval algorithms are applied to perform ciphertext-only attacks on linear canonical transform (LCT)-based amplitude encoding double-random-phase encryption (DRPE) systems. Special cases of LCT-based DRPE systems, i.e., Fourier-transform-based, fractional-Fourier-transform-based, and Fresnel-transform-based DRPE, can also be successfully attacked using the method proposed. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed attacking method.

DOI
10.1364/ao.55.004720

Related papers

Iterative phase retrieval algorithms Part II: Attacking optical encryption systems

Changliang Guo, Shi Liu, John T. Sheridan

The modified iterative phase retrieval algorithms developed in Part I [Guo et al., Appl. Opt.54, 4698 (2015)] are applied to perform known plaintext and ciphertext attacks on amplitude encoding and phase encoding Fourier-transform-based double random phase encryption (DRPE) systems. It is shown that the new algorithms can retrieve the two random phase keys (RPKs) perfectly. The performances of the algorithms are tested by using the retrieved RPKs to decrypt a set of different ciphertexts encrypted using the same RPKs. Significantly, it is also shown that the DRPE system is, under certain conditions, vulnerable to ciphertext-only attack, i.e., in some cases an attacker can decrypt DRPE data successfully when only the ciphertext is intercepted.

Applied Optics•May 14, 2015•48 citations

Evaluations of phase-only double random phase encoding based on key-space analysis

Kazuya Nakano, Masafumi Takeda, Hiroyuki Suzuki +1 more

Although initial research shows that double-random phase encoding (DRPE) is vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks that use phase retrieval algorithms, subsequent research has shown that phase-only DRPE, in which the Fourier amplitude component of an image encrypted with classical DRPE remains constant, is resistant to attacks that apply phase retrieval algorithms. Herein, we numerically analyze the key-space of DRPE and investigate the distribution property of decryption keys for classical and phase-only DRPE. We determine the difference in the distribution property of successful decryption keys for these DRPE techniques from the numerical analysis results and then discuss the security offered by them.

Applied Optics•Feb 13, 2013•14 citations

Phase retrieval for attacking fractional Fourier transform encryption

Dezhao Kong, Xueju Shen, Liangcai Cao +1 more

An advanced iterative phase retrieval algorithm is applied to perform a ciphertext-only attack on the fractional Fourier transform-based double random phase encryption system. With the given complex amplitude of ciphertext and definite support of the object image, the original object image can be recovered by estimating the energy of support area in the recovered image. The encryption system can be attacked by analyzing the sensibility of fractional Fourier transform order keys and evaluating the energy of the object image support area. The proposed algorithm can obtain encrypted fractional order and retrieve two random phase keys. Numerical results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed attacking method.

Applied Optics•Apr 13, 2017•13 citations

Vulnerability to known-plaintext attack of optical encryption schemes based on two fractional Fourier transform order keys and double random phase keys

W Qin, Xiang Peng

From the perspective of optical information security, we demonstrate that conventional phase retrieval algorithms, such as the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm, can be still valid when extended from the Fourier transform domain into the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) domain. Based on this extension, we propose a method of known-plaintext attack (KPA) on double random phase encoding in the fractional Fourier transform domain (DRPE-FRFT). With this attack, an opponent can access two encryption phase keys with the help of the phase retrieval algorithm in the FRFT domain, and meanwhile obtain the two FRFT order keys by using an exhaustive search. This indicates that the optical encryption scheme based on the DRPE-FRFT scheme is vulnerable to KPA due to the nature of the linearity of FRFT. The validity of this attack is verified by numerical simulations.

Journal of Optics A Pure and Applied Optics•Apr 20, 2009•94 citations

Optical cryptanalysis of DRPE-based encryption systems

Wan Qin, Wenqi He, Xiangfeng Meng +1 more

In this paper, we analyze the security of the classical double random phase encoding (DRPE) technique in Fourier domain, as well as its extended schemes in Fresnel and fractional Fourier domains. These schemes are resistant to bruteforce attacks, for their large key spaces. However, due to the linearity property of their encryption transformations, they are vulnerable to other attacks, such as chosen-plaintext attack and known-plaintext attack. We successfully break each of the three encryption schemes with the help of a certain quantity of plaintext-ciphertext pairs. Each attack is validated by computer simulations. The cryptanalysis indicates that, to minimize the risks, it is recommendable to introduce nonlinear operations to optical encryption systems.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Nov 4, 2009•6 citations

Choice of optical system is critical for the security of double random phase encryption systems

Inbarasan Muniraj, Changliang Guo, Ra'ed A. Malallah +5 more

The linear canonical transform (LCT) is used in modeling a coherent light-field propagation through first-order optical systems. Recently, a generic optical system, known as the quadratic phase encoding system (QPES), for encrypting a two-dimensional image has been reported. In such systems, two random phase keys and the individual LCT parameters (α,β,γ) serve as secret keys of the cryptosystem. It is important that such encryption systems also satisfy some dynamic security properties. We, therefore, examine such systems using two cryptographic evaluation methods, the avalanche effect and bit independence criterion, which indicate the degree of security of the cryptographic algorithms using QPES. We compared our simulation results with the conventional Fourier and the Fresnel transform-based double random phase encryption (DRPE) systems. The results show that the LCT-based DRPE has an excellent avalanche and bit independence characteristics compared to the conventional Fourier and Fresnel-based encryption systems.

Optical Engineering•Jun 14, 2017•2 citations
The hybrid input-output algorithm, error reduction algorithm, and combinations of both phase retrieval algorithms are applied to perform ciphertext-only attacks on linear canonical transform (LCT)-based amplitude encoding double-random-phase encryption (DRPE) systems. Special cases of LCT-based DRPE systems, i.e., Fourier-transform-based, fractional-Fourier-transform-based, and Fresnel-transform-based DRPE, can also be successfully attacked using the method proposed. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed attacking method.
The modified iterative phase retrieval algorithms developed in Part I [Guo et al., Appl. Opt.54, 4698 (2015)] are applied to perform known plaintext and ciphertext attacks on amplitude encoding and phase encoding Fourier-transform-based double random phase encryption (DRPE) systems. It is shown that the new algorithms can retrieve the two random phase keys (RPKs) perfectly. The performances of the algorithms are tested by using the retrieved RPKs to decrypt a set of different ciphertexts encrypted using the same RPKs. Significantly, it is also shown that the DRPE system is, under certain conditions, vulnerable to ciphertext-only attack, i.e., in some cases an attacker can decrypt DRPE data successfully when only the ciphertext is intercepted.
Although initial research shows that double-random phase encoding (DRPE) is vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks that use phase retrieval algorithms, subsequent research has shown that phase-only DRPE, in which the Fourier amplitude component of an image encrypted with classical DRPE remains constant, is resistant to attacks that apply phase retrieval algorithms. Herein, we numerically analyze the key-space of DRPE and investigate the distribution property of decryption keys for classical and phase-only DRPE. We determine the difference in the distribution property of successful decryption keys for these DRPE techniques from the numerical analysis results and then discuss the security offered by them.
An advanced iterative phase retrieval algorithm is applied to perform a ciphertext-only attack on the fractional Fourier transform-based double random phase encryption system. With the given complex amplitude of ciphertext and definite support of the object image, the original object image can be recovered by estimating the energy of support area in the recovered image. The encryption system can be attacked by analyzing the sensibility of fractional Fourier transform order keys and evaluating the energy of the object image support area. The proposed algorithm can obtain encrypted fractional order and retrieve two random phase keys. Numerical results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed attacking method.
From the perspective of optical information security, we demonstrate that conventional phase retrieval algorithms, such as the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm, can be still valid when extended from the Fourier transform domain into the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) domain. Based on this extension, we propose a method of known-plaintext attack (KPA) on double random phase encoding in the fractional Fourier transform domain (DRPE-FRFT). With this attack, an opponent can access two encryption phase keys with the help of the phase retrieval algorithm in the FRFT domain, and meanwhile obtain the two FRFT order keys by using an exhaustive search. This indicates that the optical encryption scheme based on the DRPE-FRFT scheme is vulnerable to KPA due to the nature of the linearity of FRFT. The validity of this attack is verified by numerical simulations.
In this paper, we analyze the security of the classical double random phase encoding (DRPE) technique in Fourier domain, as well as its extended schemes in Fresnel and fractional Fourier domains. These schemes are resistant to bruteforce attacks, for their large key spaces. However, due to the linearity property of their encryption transformations, they are vulnerable to other attacks, such as chosen-plaintext attack and known-plaintext attack. We successfully break each of the three encryption schemes with the help of a certain quantity of plaintext-ciphertext pairs. Each attack is validated by computer simulations. The cryptanalysis indicates that, to minimize the risks, it is recommendable to introduce nonlinear operations to optical encryption systems.
The linear canonical transform (LCT) is used in modeling a coherent light-field propagation through first-order optical systems. Recently, a generic optical system, known as the quadratic phase encoding system (QPES), for encrypting a two-dimensional image has been reported. In such systems, two random phase keys and the individual LCT parameters (α,β,γ) serve as secret keys of the cryptosystem. It is important that such encryption systems also satisfy some dynamic security properties. We, therefore, examine such systems using two cryptographic evaluation methods, the avalanche effect and bit independence criterion, which indicate the degree of security of the cryptographic algorithms using QPES. We compared our simulation results with the conventional Fourier and the Fresnel transform-based double random phase encryption (DRPE) systems. The results show that the LCT-based DRPE has an excellent avalanche and bit independence characteristics compared to the conventional Fourier and Fresnel-based encryption systems.