本文以双波包双原点粒子模型和四元数全时间D、四元数全动量G和四元数全速度C等新概念为基础，对电子进行了分析研究，通过推断粒子存在波–粒二象性的原因，对自由电子形象有了新的理解，因此得出全新的结论：一是不确定范围Δt是粒子具有波动性质的根本原因；二是象电子存在静止能量Eo ,它也还存在参数Xo；三是海森堡不确定性原理存在的原因是Eo的不确定量ΔEo和Xo的不确定量ΔXo。还对电子为什么带电作了定性的猜想。 Based on the double wave packet double origin particle model and quaternion full time D , qua-ternion full momentum G and quaternion full speed C and other new concepts, the electronic research was analyzed. By inferring the reason why there are wave-particle duality particles, a new understanding of free electron image was occurred, thus new conclusions were obtained: First the uncertainty range Δt is the root cause of the particles that have wave properties; Second, like electronic is static energy Eo , it still exists parameters Xo ; Third, the reason for the existence of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is the Eo uncertainty ΔEo and Xo uncertainty ΔXo . We also made a qualitative guess why there was charge to electronic.
本文以双波包双原点粒子模型和四元数全时间D、四元数全动量G和四元数全速度C等新概念为基础，对电子进行了分析研究，通过推断粒子存在波–粒二象性的原因，对自由电子形象有了新的理解，因此得出全新的结论：一是不确定范围Δt是粒子具有波动性质的根本原因；二是象电子存在静止能量Eo ,它也还存在参数Xo；三是海森堡不确定性原理存在的原因是Eo的不确定量ΔEo和Xo的不确定量ΔXo。还对电子为什么带电作了定性的猜想。 Based on the double wave packet double origin particle model and quaternion full time D , qua-ternion full momentum G and quaternion full speed C and other new concepts, the electronic research was analyzed. By inferring the reason why there are wave-particle duality particles, a new understanding of free electron image was occurred, thus new conclusions were obtained: First the uncertainty range Δt is the root cause of the particles that have wave properties; Second, like electronic is static energy Eo , it still exists parameters Xo ; Third, the reason for the existence of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is the Eo uncertainty ΔEo and Xo uncertainty ΔXo . We also made a qualitative guess why there was charge to electronic.
本文以双波包双原点微观粒子模型和全时间D、全动量G及微观粒子运动全速度c等新概念为基础，在三维x空间和三维E空间范围内，对电子、质子及光子等进行了讨论。从而明确了微观粒子波–粒二象性即双波包Ψ(x,t)和φ(E,p)与惯性系的内在关系；通过分析澄清了单个粒子态叠加原理的概念并进一步确认其不应是源于粒子之间的相互作用；认为电子、质子是在三维x空间和三维E空间存在大对称关系的一对粒子，并由此推导计算出了原子核半径X0的数值，还建立了电子、质子各自新的波动方程；通过对光子双波包Ψ(x,t)和φ(E,p) 的分析,推断三维 空间存在有“时空子”。 Based on the double-wave packet double-origin particle model, quaternion full time D, quaternion full momentum G and quaternion full speed c and other new concepts, in three-dimensional x space and three-dimensional E space, the electrons, protons and photons are discussed. Thus the micro particle wave-particle duality—double-wave packet Ψ(x,t) and φ(E,p) ’s internal relationship with the inertial system is confirmed. Through the analysis, this paper clarifies the concept of single particle state superposition principle and further confirms that it is not originated from the interaction between particles. It is pointed out that the electrons and protons in three- dimensional x space and three-dimensional E space are a pair of particles having a big symmetrical relationship, hence calculating the numerical value of radius of the nucleus X0 , and establishing new wave equation for electrons and protons respectively. Through the analysis of the photon of double-wave packet Ψ(x,t) and φ(E,p) , it can be concluded that there are “space particles” existing in three-dimensional E space.
提出微观粒子双波包双原点(双弦双原点)模型，新模型使微观粒子波–粒二象性不再费解。提出w-p空间和s-t空间概念，在此基础上定义了全时间 和全动量 并明确了它们之间的关系。建立微观粒子运动新方程。以粒子新模型为基础对诸如自旋、电子、质子、中子、反粒子和微观粒子相互作用力等经典概念的物理内涵进行了讨论。进而对自然界最简单的宏观粒子氢原子的结构和运动作了定性描述。The micro-particle wave-particle duality would be easy to understand through the new conception of microscopic particles double-wave packet double-origin (two-string dual-origin) model. The concept of w-p space and s-t space were proposed, then concepts of full-time and all-momen- tum were defined and the relationship between them was illustrated. A new equation of mi-croscopic particles motion was established. Based on a new particle model, the classical concepts’ physical meanings of the spin, electrons, protons, neutrons, interaction force of antiparticles and micro-particle were discussed. Then the structure and motion of the simplest hydrogen atoms were qualitatively described.
Electron wave–particle duality has remained one of the long-standing conceptual problems in quantum physics. While conventional interpretations successfully describe experimental outcomes, they do not provide a clear physical cause for the transition between wave-like and particle-like behavior. This work presents a causal explanation of electron duality based on the SAN Delta-E Principle, which identifies energy imbalance as the root of physical action. In this framework, the electron is interpreted as a condensed energy packet with finite rest mass, whereas the photon represents pure energy without rest mass. Wave behavior emerges when the electron propagates under undisturbed Delta-E conditions, while particle behavior arises when interaction introduces additional energy, creating a Delta-E disturbance that forces localization. Wave function collapse is therefore explained as a physical energy-density interaction effect, rather than an observer-dependent or purely probabilistic phenomenon. By distinguishing energy condensation states and interaction-driven Delta-E imbalance, this work provides a unified, non-mystical interpretation of electron duality and offers a clear physical origin for behaviors observed in double-slit and related quantum experiments.
This article aims to reveal the truth behind the formation of de Broglie waves and clarify the mysterious assumptions such as wave-particle duality and probability waves, which people are familiar with but do not understand the reasons behind.On the towering tree of physics, the branch concerning the interpretation of de Broglie waves has grown crooked!This article intends to sprout new buds at this node to promote the progress and prosperity of physics!Based on the electric field force that electrons experience in a cathode ray tube and the continuity equation of electrons, under assumptions such as the non-elastic approximation, this article proves that wave-particle duality is actually the macroscopic movement of microscopic particles in the form of waves.Theoretically, it is demonstrated that the transverse component of the electron's velocity in the tube satisfies a nonlinear inhomogeneous wave equation.The equations of this type should describe a complex system: under certain parameters, the system may be extremely sensitive to initial conditions, showing chaotic characteristics, and its output is extremely complex and difficult to predict over the long term.This is the uncertainty in quantum mechanics!The conclusion of this article indicates that this is a new form of wave, that is, the form of waves not only includes the propagation of vibrations but also the macroscopic movement of microscopic particles in the form of waves.Therefore, this wave can transport material particles from one end to the other in the form of waves!Moreover, this article discusses a single electron, so even if the electrons are emitted one by one, their wave characteristics can still be observed on the screen!From the discussion in this article, it can be seen that there are still some problems with the movement of electrons in the cathode ray tube that need to be solved in order to further explore the special movement laws of electrons in the cathode ray tube from both theoretical and experimental aspects.At the same time, it is hoped that the theory in this article can provide theoretical guidance for the manufacture and debugging of electron microscopes and the design of large-scale integrated circuits, thereby influencing other related How to cite this paper: Chen, Y.C.
This chapter describes the dual nature of electron/de Broglie waves. de Broglie suggested that like light, an electron also behaves as both a particle and a wave. Based on this hypothesis, a relationship between wavelength of electrons (a particle) and momentum was developed. It opines that ‘wavelength of the particle is inversely proportional to momentum’. This is called the de Broglie relation. On the basis of the above facts, we have developed a relationship between wavelength and voltage applied and this relation may be stated as ‘the wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to the square root of the voltage applied to the system’. This chapter also uses the Davisson and Germer experiment to show the wave nature of the particle, i.e., diffraction of electrons by crystal lattice. The experimental results were the same as found in the case of the diffraction of X-ray by crystals. This chapter also provides an idea on quantisation of angular momentum. It also discusses Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, phase velocity, group velocity, and uncertainty relation between energy and time. The chapter comprises the experimental evidence of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, such as by diffraction of electrons through a slit and gamma ray microscope thought experiment, which is shows the physical significance of the uncertainty principle. Sufficient references, solved problems, and questions on concepts have been provided at the end of chapter.
The wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics has always been an unsolved problem in physics. This article attempts to use one of the properties to explain the other, so as to eliminate the confusion of quantum mechanics probability waves. Specifically, this article finds that the discreteness of energy is the inherent property of all waves, so this article explains the particle nature of light from the perspective of light wave, thereby eliminating the confusion of light’s wave-particle duality; in addition, this article found that microscopic matter particles are only suitable for discussing the number of scattered particles or energy flow density, not their position and momentum, when they are forced to discuss their position and momentum, it will inevitably lead to confusion about probability waves, when only discussing the number of scattered particles or energy flow density, its volatility can be explained from the perspective of particle nature, thereby eliminating the confusion of microscopic matter particle probability waves. When the attribute of light as a wave is established, the light needs to overcome the Hamiltonian of the medium in different constraint systems (gravitational fields) during the propagation process, which will produce a universal redshift phenomenon, this can provide a new understanding of cosmic redshift; when the property of light as a wave is established, it means that the speed of light is a constant speed relative to the medium, which can provide a new understanding of the principle of constant speed of light.