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We discuss the solutions of quantum problems which are nonlinear in the classical limit. It is shown that in this case it is necessary to solve the corresponding nonlinear classical problem and study its bifurcation properties.

K. N. Yugai

Published Jan 1, 1993• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Dynamical chaos in quantum systems (quantum chaos) has been studied by a large number of physicists [1-7]. It has been shown that quantum chaos is possible only in the quasiclassical region, for example in the case of quantum states near the dissociation limit in molecules or near the ionization limit in atoms and molecules. However, the quantum equations of motion are linear and hence they cannot contain dynamical chaos. In the present paper we discuss the solution of quantum problems which are nonlinear in the classical limit. It will be show that in solving the quantum problem in this case it is necessary to use the solution of the nonlinear classical problem forming the classical limit of the quantum problem. i. We note first that here we are not interested in the usual field nonlinearities considered, for example, in quantum optics. This is because field nonlinearities cannot determine the bifurcation properties of the quantum equations of motion since the latter are linear in the wave function ~ or density matrix p. In other words, dynamical chaos, which is intimately connected with the bifurcation properties of the corresponding equations, is not determined by nonlinearities in the fields in quantum equations of motion linear in ~ or 0o

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Dynamical chaos in quantum systems (quantum chaos) has been studied by a large number of physicists [1-7]. It has been shown that quantum chaos is possible only in the quasiclassical region, for example in the case of quantum states near the dissociation limit in molecules or near the ionization limit in atoms and molecules. However, the quantum equations of motion are linear and hence they cannot contain dynamical chaos. In the present paper we discuss the solution of quantum problems which are nonlinear in the classical limit. It will be show that in solving the quantum problem in this case it is necessary to use the solution of the nonlinear classical problem forming the classical limit of the quantum problem. i. We note first that here we are not interested in the usual field nonlinearities considered, for example, in quantum optics. This is because field nonlinearities cannot determine the bifurcation properties of the quantum equations of motion since the latter are linear in the wave function ~ or density matrix p. In other words, dynamical chaos, which is intimately connected with the bifurcation properties of the corresponding equations, is not determined by nonlinearities in the fields in quantum equations of motion linear in ~ or 0o
A theory allowing to describe of quantum chaos in the term of nonlinear classical dynamics is proposed. It is showed that a solution of a quantum problem in quasiclassical region is connected with a solution of a corresponding classical problem which is the classical limit of the quantum one. It is showed also that the wave function phase is satisfied an own equation of motion and it is a classical dynamic equation. Dynamical chaos of nonlinear classical dynamics results to irregularity of the wave function phase and a strange attractor in a classical dynamics of the wave function phase leads to irregularity in probabilities of transitions of anharmonic oscillator in an external time-dependent field. In the pure quantum and the pure classical region corresponding solutions are independent.
The quantum-classical correspondence for dynamics of the nonlinear classically chaotic systems is analysed. The problem of quantum chaos consists of two parts: the quasiclassical quantisation of the chaotic systems and attempts to understand the classical chaos in terms of quantum mechanics. The first question has been partially solved by the Gutzwiller semiclassical trace formula for the eigenvalues of chaotic systems, while the classical chaos may be derived from quantum equations only introducing the decoherence process due to interaction with system's environment or intermediate frequent measurement. We may conclude that continuously observable quasiclassical system evolves essentially classically-like.
The Lindblad equation describes the dissipative time evolution of a density matrix that characterizes an open quantum system in contact with its environment. The widespread ensemble interpretation of a density matrix requires its time evolution to be linear. However, when the density matrix is obtained from a mean field theory of interacting quantum systems or from a top-down control by a changing classical environment, the ensemble interpretation is inappropriate and nonlinear dynamics arise naturally. We therefore study the dynamical behavior of nonlinear Lindblad equations using the example of a two-level system. By using techniques developed for classical dynamical systems we show that various types of bifurcations and even chaotic dynamics can occur. We also discuss experimental situations for which our results could be relevant.
The vast majority of the literature dealing with quantum dynamics is concerned with linear evolution of the wave function or the density matrix. A complete dynamical description requires a full understanding of the evolution of measured quantum systems, necessary to explain actual experimental results. The dynamics of such systems is intrinsically nonlinear even at the level of distribution functions, both classically as well as quantum mechanically. Aside from being physically more complete, this treatment reveals the existence of dynamical regimes, such as chaos, that have no counterpart in the linear case. Here, we present a short introductory review of some of these aspects, with a few illustrative results and examples.
Introduction A system is considered as chaotic in classical mechanics if the orbits, instead of remaining confined to a specific region, invade the whole of available phase space. A simple example is a pendulumn with a magnet below the bob: if a sheet of paper is placed between the magnet and the bob and a pen is attached, the pendulumn will write all over the page within the range accessible to it. More exactly, if we examine phase space, it will seem completely disordered, with interwoven tracks throughout its volume. If we magnify the volume, the disorder will persist, and so on ad infinitum no matter how great the magnification, because classical mechanics imposes no limit on the resolution which can be achieved. Chaotic behaviour can arise in any system whose motion is described by a nonlinear differential equation. Whether or not it is prevalent depends on the details of the problem, but it is a general theorem that any system described by a nonlinear differential equation possesses some chaotic regime. In quantum mechanics, by contrast, chaos does not occur. We may see this in several ways. First, note that we cannot magnify ad infinitum the volume to be analysed in phase space: eventually, we reach the elementary volume ħ 3 within which trajectories lose their meaning. Another way of reaching the same conclusion is to note that any Schrödinger type equation is linear: its solutions obey the superposition theorem. Under these circumstances genuine chaos is excluded by fundamental principles.
In this work the decoherence formalism of quantum mechanics is explored and applied to a number of interesting problems in quantum physics. The boundary between quantum and classical physics is examined, and demonstration made that quantum histories corresponding to classical equations of motion become more probable for a broad class of models, including linear and nonlinear models of Brownian motion. The link between noise, dissipation, and decoherence is studied. This work is then applied to systems which classically exhibit dissipative chaotic dynamics. A theory is explicated for treating these systems, and the ideas are applied to a particular model of the forced, damped Duffing oscillator, which is chaotic for certain parameter values. Differences between classical and quantum chaos are examined, particularly differences arising in the structure of fractal strange attractors, and the conceptual difficulties in framing standard notions of chaos in a quantum system. A brief discussion of previous work on quantum chaos is included, and the differences between Hamiltonian and dissipative chaos pointed out; a somewhat different interpretation of quantum chaos from the standard one is suggested. A class of histories for quantum systems, in phase space rather than configuration space, is studied. Different ways of representing projections in phase space are discussed, and expressions for the probability of phase space histories are derived; conditions for such histories to decohere are also estimated in the semiclassical limit.