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Signals and communication technology

Physical-Layer Key Generation and Reconciliation

Jon W. Wallace, Rashid Mehmood, R. K. Sharma, Werner Henkel, Oana Graur, Nazia Islam, Alexandra Filip

Published Jan 1, 2016• 3 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-22440-4_17

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Physical layer key generation (PLKG) offers a lightweight and low-complexity key management solution for future emerging wireless communication networks. However, current PLKG schemes face challenges in effective integration with practical communication systems, hindering their practical deployment. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a key generation scheme integrated with the 5 G physical layer protocol, leveraging the Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS) to extract channel estimation for PLKG, enabling efficient key generation. Furthermore, a soft-decision quantization method based on Multibit Adaptive Quantization is proposed which makes key reconciliation input compatible with the soft-decision input requirements of the Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) decoder in 5G channel coding module. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme successfully integrates into the 5G standard communication framework while still maintaining favorable key disagreement rate (KDR) performance, the key reconciliation using keys derived by soft-decision quantization method can achieve better key agreement performance than using keys derived by binary quantization.
The security of Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) mainly relies on encryption for ensuring packet integrity and confidentiality. Unfortunately, the latest LPWAN specifications refrain from specifying how to distribute keys for encryption. In this paper, we tackle this problem via physical layer security, which exploits the channel characteristics to generate secret keys at the physical layer. In order to generate consistent keys from noisy feature sources and to achieve high reconciliation success rate, we propose FLoRa, a physical layer key generation system for LPWAN based on sequential fuzzy extractor. An adaptive multi-bit quantization algorithm is first proposed to generate the initial key, which accelerates the bit generation rate at the start-up procedure. We then design a novel fuzzy extractor by sequentially slicing the initial key, which improves the reconciliation success rate, as well as reduces the key reconciliation time. We implement FLoRa in a LoRaWAN based network prototype and evaluate it by conducting extensive indoor and outdoor experiments. Experimental results reveal that FLoRa is capable of generating consistent secret keys with high key generation performance in both static and dynamic network environments.
Physical layer key generation is one of the promising candidate technology schemes for communication network encryption as it promises to solve the difficulties in traditional cryptographic mechanisms. However, due to the existence of unequal key bits in the process of key generation, the practical application of physical layer key generation is greatly hindered. In this paper, in order to eliminate the key inconsistency problem, we propose a Polar code-based information reconciliation scheme (PIRS) by combining the design mechanism of the 5th generation (5G) physical control channel processing flow in the 5G physical layer protocol. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that our proposed method can significantly reduce the key disagreement rate (KDR) and increase the key generation rate (KGR) for both parties in communication, even when the signal-to-noise ratio is low.