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Security Measures in a Keyless Quantum Communication Protocol

Alla Altalib, Yomna Al-Ibrahim, Zahra Almahfoudh, Marius Nagy, Naya Nagy

Published Oct 1, 2015• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

It has been shown that secure communication between two partners can be achieved with devices containing components with quantum properties. While such devices are in timid stages of practical availability, the quantum properties exhibited are well defined theoretically: quantum bits (qubits) in persistent quantum states, quantum transformations or gates applicable on qubits, and quantum communication channels between devices. The present paper measures and verifies by simulation a security level of a quantum communication protocol that does not use an encryption/decryption key. The algorithm is simpler than the two-step protocols that involve the distribution of a secret key first. Our simulations measure the security level of the protocol depending on several parameters: the number of encoding bases (two or three), the length of the signature string attached to the message, the percentage of qubits the eavesdropper inspects, etc.

DOI
10.1109/econf.2015.33

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It has been shown that secure communication between two partners can be achieved with devices containing components with quantum properties. While such devices are in timid stages of practical availability, the quantum properties exhibited are well defined theoretically: quantum bits (qubits) in persistent quantum states, quantum transformations or gates applicable on qubits, and quantum communication channels between devices. The present paper measures and verifies by simulation a security level of a quantum communication protocol that does not use an encryption/decryption key. The algorithm is simpler than the two-step protocols that involve the distribution of a secret key first. Our simulations measure the security level of the protocol depending on several parameters: the number of encoding bases (two or three), the length of the signature string attached to the message, the percentage of qubits the eavesdropper inspects, etc.
Quantum cryptography is based on quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communication.It allows two parties to produce a shared random bit string known only to them.These random bits can be used as a key to encrypt and decrypt messages.The most important and unique property of quantum cryptography is the ability of the two communicating users to detect the presence of any third party trying to gain knowledge of the key.It is based on fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics.By using quantum entanglement or quantum super positions and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication system can be implemented which detects eavesdropping.Quantum cryptography is used to produce and distribute a key, not to transmit any message data.This key along with certain encryption algorithm, is used to encrypt (and decrypt) a message, which can then be transmitted over a standard communication channel.This paper concentrates on comparison between classical and quantum cryptography as well as survey on various quantum key distribution protocols used to generate and distribute the key among communicating parties.
Today‟s wireless network has become one of the most important communication medium. However, providing secure communication for wireless network has become the challenging issues at present days. In present communication system, traditional cryptography was used for secure communication. It has more computational complexity and intruder may easily retrieve the encrypted messages. To overcome this complexity we aim to design a new protocol using quantum bits for enhancing the security. Quantum mechanics defines structure and behavior of quantum bits (i.e.) often called Qubits and it is thousand times faster than traditional one. A traditional computer system uses two bits 0 (or) 1. In quantum system uses Qubits that is normally represented mathematically by vectors such as |0>, |1> as two states, and four bases |H>, |V>, |R>, |L>. By this quantum cryptography method two parties may generate secret cryptographic key known as checkbits which are generated using static quantum channel. Two channels namely public and hidden channels are used to transfer data through secured mode without encryption. By using hidden channel concept in quantum mechanics, secure transmission of data without encryption can be done.
The project “Quantum Cryptography for Secure Messaging” aims to create a highly secure communication system using the BB84 protocol, a key method in quantum key distribution. As traditional encryption systems face growing threats from cyberattacks and future quantum computers, this project provides a future-proof solution for message encryption. It uses simulated quantum bits (qubits) to generate secret keys based on quantum mechanics, ensuring that any eavesdropping attempts can be detected instantly. The process involves encoding binary data into quantum states, securely exchanging keys, and applying them for symmetric encryption of messages. Key features include real-time key generation, automatic encryption and decryption, and intrusion detection. The expected outcome is a working prototype of a secure messaging system that can resist both current and emerging security challenges, highlighting the potential of quantum cryptography as a foundation for the next generation of digital security.
We define a keyless communication as a message sent from one party (Alice) to another (Bob), such that the message is totally secure. This means that if a third party (Eve) is trying to eavesdrop, she will receive only random bits. She cannot understand the content of the message, even if she is able to intercept it in such away that Alice and Bob do not know it has been intercepted. For such a totally secure message, Alice and Bob do not need to set up any key beforehand, as it can add no further security. Starting with a system that we felt sure met such criteria, we were shocked to find out that it could be broken in at least two ways, by a semi-classical method and by a quantum method, such that Eve could read a message and Alice and Bob would not know it. Alice and Bob can counter such eavesdropping, but only by sending out test messages. This will enable them to ascertain that Eve is on the line, but then she can still occasionally pick up snippets of their conversation. In that case, in order to be totally secure, it is better to establish an unbreakable key beforehand. We postulate and give plausibility arguments that in general it is impossible to establish keyless communication between two parties.
Secure cryptographic protocols are indispensable for modern communication systems. It is realized through an encryption process in cryptography. In quantum cryptography, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a widely popular quantum communication scheme that enables two parties to establish a shared secret key that can be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. But security loopholes still exist in this cryptographic protocol, as an eavesdropper can in principle still intercept all the ciphertext to perform cryptanalysis and the key may get leaked to the eavesdropper, although it happens very rarely. However, there exists a more secure quantum cryptographic scheme known as Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) protocol that eliminates the necessity of key, encryption and ciphertext transmission. It is a unique quantum communication scheme where secret information is transmitted directly over a quantum communication channel. We make use of measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocol in this scheme where all the measurements of quantum states during communication are performed by a third party that can be untrusted or even an eavesdropper. This eliminates all loopholes in practical measurement devices. Here, we realize this MDI-QSDC protocol using Bell and GHZ states in the IBM Quantum Experience platform and implement swapping circuits for security check.
Quantum cryptography is a technique to distribute a sequence of truly random and unconditionally secure bits over a secure communication by applying the phenomena of quantum physics. The distributed secret bits perform the secret key which is used later to encrypt messages with an encryption algorithm, usually the One-Time-Pad is used. Quantum Key Distribution solves the security problem in classical cryptography by depending on the laws of physics which is focusing on the physics of information. Quantum protocol gain usually is low due to the quantum channel noise and the difference between the photon polarization at the sender and receiver side; in this research, a method is proposed to increase the protocol gain without decreasing the security level of quantum key. BB84 quantum key distribution algorithm is implemented and simulated with MATLAB R2010a simulation; and a comparison is made with A. Singh and N. Sharma [14] results.