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EPiC series in computing

Effect algebras, witness pairs and observables

Gejza Jenča

Published Jan 23, 2018• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The category of effect algebras is the Eilenberg-Moore category for the monad arising from the free-forgetful adjunction between categories of bounded posets and orthomodular posets. In the category of effect algebras, an observable is a morphism whose domain is a Boolean algebra. The characterization of subsets of ranges of observables is an open problem. For an interval effect algebra E, a witness pair for a subset of S is an object living within E that "witnesses existence" of an observable whose range includes S. We prove that there is an adjunction between the poset of all witness pairs of E and the category of all partially inverted E-valued observables.

DOI
10.29007/71gb

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The category of effect algebras is the Eilenberg-Moore category for the monad arising from the free-forgetful adjunction between categories of bounded posets and orthomodular posets. In the category of effect algebras, an observable is a morphism whose domain is a Boolean algebra. The characterization of subsets of ranges of observables is an open problem. For an interval effect algebra E, a witness pair for a subset of S is an object living within E that "witnesses existence" of an observable whose range includes S. We prove that there is an adjunction between the poset of all witness pairs of E and the category of all partially inverted E-valued observables.
From every pair of adjoint functors it is possible to produce a (possibly trivial) equivalence of categories by restricting to the subcategories where the unit and counit are isomorphisms. If we do this for the adjunction between effect algebras and abstract convex sets, we get the surprising result that the equivalent subcategories consist of reflexive order-unit spaces and reflexive base-norm spaces, respectively. These are the convex sets that can occur as state spaces in generalized probabilistic theories satisfying both the no-restriction hypothesis and its dual. The linearity of the morphisms is automatic. If we add a compact topology to either the states or the effects, we can obtain a duality for all Banach order-unit spaces or all Banach base-norm spaces, but not both at the same time.
Abstract An effect algebra (EA) is a partial algebraic structure, originally formulated as an algebraic base for unsharp quantum measurements. The class of EAs includes, as special cases, several partially ordered algebraic structures, including orthomodular lattices (OMLs) and orthomodular posets (OMPs), hitherto used as mathematical models for experimentally verifiable propositions pertaining to physical systems. Moreover, MV-algebras, which are mathematical models for many-valued logics, are special cases of EAs. The present paper studies generalizations to EAs of the hull mapping featured in L. Loomis’s dimension theory for complete OMLs and develops a theory of direct decomposition for EAs with a hull mapping. A. Sherstnev and V. Kalinin have extended Loomis’s dimension theory to orthocomplete OMPs, and here it is further extended to orthocomplete EAs; moreover, a corresponding direct decomposition into types I, II, and III is obtained using the hull mapping induced by the dimension equivalence relation.
The expectation monad is introduced abstractly via two composable adjunctions, but concretely captures measures. It turns out to sit in between known monads: on the one hand the distribution and ultrafilter monad, and on the other hand the continuation monad. This expectation monad is used in two probabilistic analogues of fundamental results of Manes and Gelfand for the ultrafilter monad: algebras of the expectation monad are convex compact Hausdorff spaces, and are dually equivalent to so-called Banach effect algebras. These structures capture states and effects in quantum foundations, and also the duality between them. Moreover, the approach leads to a new re-formulation of Gleason's theorem, expressing that effects on a Hilbert space are free effect modules on projections, obtained via tensoring with the unit interval.