The validity of the expressions of the full-cosmic-scope wave-particle duality in the bivergentum theory previously proposed by the author is reviewed,the wave property and the particle property of bivergentums,the abstracted existences of the real physical objects in microscopic,mesoscopic and mac-roscopic regimes,are intensively investigated and the new conclusion is worked out,i. e. the natural measure of the wave-property level should be the energy residing in unity frequency or the momentum residing in unity wave-number and the natural measure of the particle-property level should be the frequency corresponding to unit energy and the wave-number corresponding to unit momentum. Moreover,a new point of view that the full-cosmic-scope quantization variable takes its minimum value at the macroscopic limit is proposed and the definitions of the bipolar-ly normalizedwave-property level as well as the same kind of partical-property level are given so that the understanding of the full-cosmic-scope wave-particle duality is improved. Afterwards,the full-cosmic-scope uncertainty principle proposed by the author is modified according to the new point of view. Meantime,the understanding of symitons( a kind of matters predicted by the author) is deepened,the inevitability and the basic rules of the mutual conversion between photons and symitons are pointed out,the quantitative relation between the upper and lower limits of the full-cosmic-scope quantization variable is derived,three typical physical processes,i. e. the spontaneous emission,the stimulated emission and the stimulated absorption,have been interpreted upon the new basis,the relevant fourth physical process is predicted,and the extended Einstein relations including all the four physical processes are given. Consequently,the probabilities of the lasingof symitons and the realization of super-slow lightare deduced. Finally,it is assumed that the probabilitywave behavior of every bivergentum originates from the vacuum fluctuation of quantum field. All these works make the bivergentum theory improved towards perfect,and the theory on the mutual interaction between light and matters is extended to the theory on the multi-factor interaction between photons,symitons and matters.
The validity of the expressions of the full-cosmic-scope wave-particle duality in the bivergentum theory previously proposed by the author is reviewed,the wave property and the particle property of bivergentums,the abstracted existences of the real physical objects in microscopic,mesoscopic and mac-roscopic regimes,are intensively investigated and the new conclusion is worked out,i. e. the natural measure of the wave-property level should be the energy residing in unity frequency or the momentum residing in unity wave-number and the natural measure of the particle-property level should be the frequency corresponding to unit energy and the wave-number corresponding to unit momentum. Moreover,a new point of view that the full-cosmic-scope quantization variable takes its minimum value at the macroscopic limit is proposed and the definitions of the bipolar-ly normalizedwave-property level as well as the same kind of partical-property level are given so that the understanding of the full-cosmic-scope wave-particle duality is improved. Afterwards,the full-cosmic-scope uncertainty principle proposed by the author is modified according to the new point of view. Meantime,the understanding of symitons( a kind of matters predicted by the author) is deepened,the inevitability and the basic rules of the mutual conversion between photons and symitons are pointed out,the quantitative relation between the upper and lower limits of the full-cosmic-scope quantization variable is derived,three typical physical processes,i. e. the spontaneous emission,the stimulated emission and the stimulated absorption,have been interpreted upon the new basis,the relevant fourth physical process is predicted,and the extended Einstein relations including all the four physical processes are given. Consequently,the probabilities of the lasingof symitons and the realization of super-slow lightare deduced. Finally,it is assumed that the probabilitywave behavior of every bivergentum originates from the vacuum fluctuation of quantum field. All these works make the bivergentum theory improved towards perfect,and the theory on the mutual interaction between light and matters is extended to the theory on the multi-factor interaction between photons,symitons and matters.
The wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics has always been an unsolved problem in physics. This article attempts to use one of the properties to explain the other, so as to eliminate the confusion of quantum mechanics probability waves. Specifically, this article finds that the discreteness of energy is the inherent property of all waves, so this article explains the particle nature of light from the perspective of light wave, thereby eliminating the confusion of light’s wave-particle duality; in addition, this article found that microscopic matter particles are only suitable for discussing the number of scattered particles or energy flow density, not their position and momentum, when they are forced to discuss their position and momentum, it will inevitably lead to confusion about probability waves, when only discussing the number of scattered particles or energy flow density, its volatility can be explained from the perspective of particle nature, thereby eliminating the confusion of microscopic matter particle probability waves. When the attribute of light as a wave is established, the light needs to overcome the Hamiltonian of the medium in different constraint systems (gravitational fields) during the propagation process, which will produce a universal redshift phenomenon, this can provide a new understanding of cosmic redshift; when the property of light as a wave is established, it means that the speed of light is a constant speed relative to the medium, which can provide a new understanding of the principle of constant speed of light.
There are two opposing points of view on the nature of light: the first one manifests the wave-particle duality as a fundamental property of the nature; the second one claims that photons do not exist and the light is a continuous classical wave, while the so-called “quantum” properties of this field appear only as a result of its interaction with matter. In this paper we show that many quantum phenomena which are traditionally described by quantum electrodynamics can be described if light is considered within the limits of classical electrodynamics without quantization of radiation. These phenomena include the double-slit experiment, the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, the Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect, the so-called multiphoton ionisation of atoms, etc. We show that this point of view allows also explaining the “wave-particle duality” of light in Wiener experiments with standing waves. We show that the Born rule for light can easily be derived from Fermi’s golden rule as an approximation for low-intense light or for short exposure time. We show that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for “photons” has a simple classical sense and cannot be considered as a fundamental limitation of accuracy of simultaneous measurements of position and momentum or time and energy. We conclude that the concept of a “photon” is superfluous in explanation of light-matter interactions.
Quantum mechanics, despite its predictive power, lacks a coherent ontology—the "mechanism" its name implies. Wave-particle duality, entanglement, and the indispensability of complex numbers remain mysteries, suggesting the theory may be incomplete in principle. Drawing on the Physical Information Cosmology (PIC) framework—where the universe emerges via a two-stage phase transition from a conserved Physical Information vacuum—we propose that quantum entities are not particles or waves but three-dimensional projections of higher-dimensional "Physical Information Packets." Each packet inherently possesses three superimposed potentialities: informaticity (correlation), energeticity (wave), and substantiality (matter). This triadic structure, which we term the Information-Wave-Particle Triality, is a direct consequence of the recursive partial transitions (information→energy→matter) at cosmic genesis. We demonstrate that wave-particle duality arises from measurement coupling with either energetic or substantial potentials; the uncertainty principle reflects the mutual exclusivity of these observational modes; and entanglement is the informaticity dimension becoming manifest. The complex number structure of quantum mechanics is shown to be the necessary algebraic representation of a system with two orthogonal ontic dimensions (substance and energy). This framework explains why Bell inequality violations are inevitable from a local perspective within a globally structured tetrahedral universe. It offers a parsimonious, testable ontology that unifies quantum phenomena under the same conserved Physical Information from which all reality emerges. In this picture, PIC plays its own dice—the probabilities of quantum mechanics are not a mark of incompleteness, but the necessary manifestation of the information-energy-matter triality rooted in cosmic genesis.
A well-known mystery in quantum mechanics is wave–particle duality: Is an electron a point mass or a physical wave? What is the physical meaning of its wave function? About a hundred years ago, there was a famous debate between Bohr and Einstein on this topic. Their question is still open today. This paper reviews a new theoretical framework to address this problem. Here, it is hypothesized that both photons and electrons are quantized excitation waves of the vacuum, the physical properties of which can be modeled based on the Maxwell theory. Using the method of Helmholtz decomposition, one can show that the wave function of the particle is associated with an electric vector potential called “ Z”, which plays the role of basic field for the excitation wave. Using this framework, the quantum wave equations can be derived based on a quantization of the Maxwell theory. This work suggests that, the quantum wave function truly represents a physical wave; the wave packet looks like a “particle” only in the macroscopic view. Because the vacuum excitation obeys the principle of all-or-none, the probability of detecting this “particle” is related to the wave function as suggested in the Copenhagen interpretation.
To address the theoretical gap in traditional de Broglie wave theory that fails to clarify the physical excitation mechanism of matter waves, this paper proposes the de Broglie Wave-Virtual Photon Exchange Synchronization Law and reveals the intrinsic physical origin of de Broglie matter waves from the perspective of virtual photon exchange. Based on well-recognized physical formulas including the de Broglie energy-frequency relation, the relativistic energy-momentum relation, and the core equations of quantum electrodynamics (QED), this paper carries out rigorous quantitative derivation and obtains the de Broglie Wave-Virtual Photon Exchange Synchronization Formula , which describes the relation between virtual photon exchange and the evolution of de Broglie waves. Physical analysis of the formula shows that the de Broglie matter wave is not an intrinsic and spontaneous property of particles, but a dynamic wave effect directly excited by momentum exchange between virtual photons and particles in electromagnetic interaction. The frequency, wavelength, and wave properties of the de Broglie wave are uniquely determined by the intensity and frequency of virtual photon exchange, and the two sets of physical quantities maintain strict synchronization during physical evolution. In addition, this paper clarifies the velocity-dependent modulation effect of virtual photon exchange on de Broglie waves: the modulation effect is weak at low velocities, becomes significant at high velocities, and the key wave parameters (frequency, momentum correlation) of de Broglie waves and virtual photons achieve quantitative unification as the particle velocity approaches the speed of light. This theory establishes a rigorous, quantitative, and unified relation between the virtual photon exchange mechanism and the origin of de Broglie waves, improves the physical interpretation of matter wave origin, and provides a new theoretical perspective for the study of wave-particle duality and electromagnetic interaction of microscopic particles.
Aiming at the theoretical gap in the traditional de Broglie wave theory that fails to clarify the physical excitation mechanism of matter waves, this paper proposes the de Broglie Wave-Virtual Photon Exchange Synchronization Law, and reveals the intrinsic physical origin of de Broglie matter waves from the perspective of virtual photon exchange. Based on the well-recognized physical formulas including the de Broglie energy-frequency relation, the relativistic energy-momentum relation and the core equations of quantum electrodynamics (QED), this paper conducts strict quantitative deduction and derives the de Broglie Wave-Virtual Photon Exchange Synchronization Formulathat characterizes the correlation between virtual photon exchange and the variation of de Broglie waves. Through physical analysis of the formula, it is concluded that the de Broglie matter wave is not an intrinsic and spontaneous property of particles, but a dynamic wave effect directly excited by the momentum exchange between virtual photons and particles in electromagnetic interaction. The frequency, wavelength and wave characteristics of the de Broglie wave are uniquely determined by the intensity and exchange frequency of virtual photon exchange, and the two physical quantities maintain strict synchronization in the process of physical evolution. In addition, this paper clarifies the velocity-dependent modulation effect of virtual photon exchange on de Broglie waves: the modulation effect is weak at low velocities, strengthens significantly at high velocities, and the key wave characteristic parameters (frequency, momentum correlation) of de Broglie waves and virtual photons achieve quantitative unification when the particle velocity approaches the speed of light. This theory establishes a strict, quantitative and unified correlation between the virtual photon exchange mechanism and the origin of de Broglie waves, perfects the physical interpretation of the origin of matter waves, and provides a new theoretical perspective for the study of wave-particle duality and the electromagnetic interaction of microscopic particles.