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Journal of Chinese Computer Systems

Security Analysis and Improvement of Fair Exchange Protocols Using the Theory of Cross Validation

Jianyun Lei

Published Jan 1, 2009• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Fair exchange protocol is an electronic commerce protocol that ensures that no player gains an unfair advantage over the other player by misbehaving misrepresenting or prematurely aborting the protocol. From 2000,Ray et al. proposed a series of fair exchange protocols based on the theory of cross validation. One of important contributions is that by using a pair of compatible keys to encrypt one product respectively,Ray's protocols allow a customer to verify that the product he is about to receive from the merchant is the same as the product he ordered,before the customer pays for the product. However,it is shown that in fact malicious merchant can easily provide the customer false product such that the authenticating equality is satisfied. The result is that the customer will be cheated and pay for the false product. In addition,improvement is provided to avoid the identified attacks.

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Fair exchange protocol is an electronic commerce protocol that ensures that no player gains an unfair advantage over the other player by misbehaving misrepresenting or prematurely aborting the protocol. From 2000,Ray et al. proposed a series of fair exchange protocols based on the theory of cross validation. One of important contributions is that by using a pair of compatible keys to encrypt one product respectively,Ray's protocols allow a customer to verify that the product he is about to receive from the merchant is the same as the product he ordered,before the customer pays for the product. However,it is shown that in fact malicious merchant can easily provide the customer false product such that the authenticating equality is satisfied. The result is that the customer will be cheated and pay for the false product. In addition,improvement is provided to avoid the identified attacks.
Customers are usually passive in an electronic commerce transaction. Based on a new two times concurrent signature, this article presents a fair electronic payment (E-payment) protocol. It can protect both of the participants' profits. Whatpsilas more, in this protocol customers have more initiative, and they can terminate the transaction before possible cheats (while they also should be responsible for the quit), so their security is enhanced. As there is no traditional trusted third party (TTP) in our scheme, network congestion and conspiracy problem can be avoided. Moreover, the protocol satisfies fairness and non-repudiation, and it can also be applied in the digital signature or product exchange process.
One of the most crucial factors that e-commerce protocols should address is a fair exchange. In this research, an advanced method of cryptography coupled with the pay per use technique is used. A new electronic commerce protocol for the exchange of commodities is introduced. The proposed new protocol guarantees both features while addressing the main drawbacks associated with other related protocols. The new suggested e-commerce protocol is composed of two stages: pre-exchange and exchange stages. When the suggested new protocol is analysed with scrupulous protocol analysis, it attains fair exchange and a secure method of payment. The suggested new e-commerce protocol is more efficient than other related existing protocols. In this research “protocol prototype” and “model checking” is used for the purpose of authentication. The protocol prototype verifies that the suggested new protocol is executable when it's used in a real context. By experimental designs, this research shows the length of asymmetric keys as the biggest element that affects the efficiency of the protocol. When model-checking is applied in this protocol, the outcome indicates that the suggested protocol achieves the required features of fairness. Protocol extensions give those involved in the protocol the capacity to be resilient to failure. By using three methods of authentication, this research confirms that the new proposed protocol is well formulated. The work reported in this thesis first study the existing fair exchange protocols that solve the fairness problem. Then, propose more efficient protocol to solve the fairness problem. The original idea in this thesis is to reduce the communication overheads, risks and solve the bottleneck problems in the protocols that involve an online TTP.
Fair exchange is an electronic data exchange protocol that allows both sender and receiver to exchange information such that either all of parties have the exchanged information or none of them do. All existing approaches to fair exchange achieve the fair exchange property between a single sender and a receiver. However, they are unable to provide the fair exchange for all senders. A malicious receiver can deny receiving messages from some legitimate senders but do receive messages from conspired senders. Such unfair exchange is devastating in many applications such as electronic auction where the conspired sender can be the bid winner easily. We propose a fair exchange protocol which offers a new property, namely undeniable fairness for all senders. We show that our protocol is practical and secure for the fair exchange system.
We present new protocols for two parties to exchange documents with fairness, i.e., such that no party can gain an advantage by quitting prematurely or otherwise misbehaving. We use a third party that is L‘semi-trusted”, in the sense that it may misbehave on its own but will not conspire with either of the main parties. In our solutions, disruption by any one of the three parties will not allow the disrupter gain any useful new information about the documents. Our solutions are efficient and can be based on any of several cryptographic assumptions (e.g., factoring, discrete log, graph isomorpbism). We also discuss the application of our techniques to electronic commerce protocols to achieve fair payment.