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Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics

Decoherence and control strategies in open quantum systems

Lou Yuesheng

Published Jan 1, 2008• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The cause of open quantum systems,decoherence phenomena,its types,and its effects were analyzed and represented.Different kinds of methods and control strategies of suppressed decoherence were detailed summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of control strategies of suppressed decoherence in open quantum systems were exploited.In the end,the development direction of suppressed decoherence research was perspectived.

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The cause of open quantum systems,decoherence phenomena,its types,and its effects were analyzed and represented.Different kinds of methods and control strategies of suppressed decoherence were detailed summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of control strategies of suppressed decoherence in open quantum systems were exploited.In the end,the development direction of suppressed decoherence research was perspectived.
The decoherence suppression issue is studied for two-level quantum systems based on coherent control strategy.The model of two-level open quantum systems under coherent control is formulated,in which the decoherence suppression is equivalent to the decoupling problem of the system from environmental noises.Then,an open-loop control is designed to suppress decoherence,which is shown to be capable of asymptotically decoupling a part of the dynamic variables of the system from the environmental noises.Finally,feedback control strategy is introduced so that the corresponding state variables can be precisely decoupled form the environmental noises without being affected by the noises induced by quantum measurement in feedback control.
Quantum communication provides essentially secure transmission of information and quantum sensing provides measurement sensitivities better than classical. These powers come because of unique quantum processes, especially superposition and entanglement. Although there is a significant theoretical and experimental development, the phenomenon of decoherence is still one of the main limiting factors in performance and scalability of quantum devices. The importance of this study is that it considers an active approach to decoherence as one of the key impediments to scalable quantum technologies. Although the research on the noise sources and error mechanisms has been done extensively, the characterization is not enough to be applied to the real world. This study makes use of a theoretical and computation effort to explore scalable quantum technologies integrated decoherence control strategies. The research paper is based on the open quantum systems framework, in which quantum systems are represented as finite-dimensional systems that interact with the external environment. The findings of the study highlight that active decoherence control plays an important role in enhancing performance of open quantum systems. Without any control, the simulated quantum system is characterized by a fast decoherence time, coherence times are short, about 20 u ms, and the physical error rate is about 2.5%. The hybrid strategy is a feasible way to achieve fault-tolerant quantum operation and the transition point between theory-based control architectures and experimental hardware limitations, thus speeding up the development of reliable large-scale quantum technologies. The findings affirm that each of the isolated methods like dynamical decoupling, quantum error correction, or reservoir engineering can only be a partial solution when used alone. Adaptive and real-time control schemes responding dynamically to changing noise environments also require further research to develop them.
The advent of quantum devices, which exploit the two essential elements of quantum physics, coherence and entanglement, has sparked renewed interest in the control of open quantum systems. Successful implementations face the challenge of preserving relevant nonclassical features at the level of device operation. A major obstacle is decoherence, which is caused by interaction with the environment. Optimal control theory is a tool that can be used to identify control strategies in the presence of decoherence. Here we review recent advances in optimal control methodology that allow typical tasks in device operation for open quantum systems to be tackled and discuss examples of relaxation-optimized dynamics. Optimal control theory is also a useful tool to exploit the environment for control. We discuss examples and point out possible future extensions.
The problem of decoherence suppression for the general N-level Markov open quantum systems is studied. Here, the quantum feedback control strategy is presented for the quantum ensemble. In order to find the control Hamiltonians and the measured observables, the new concept of the noise decoupling decomposition for the su(N) Lie algebra is introduced. It is shown that some state variables of the coherence vector of the system density matrix can be completely decoupled from the environmental noises under the feedback control.
In this paper, we study the problem of suppressing Decoherence in open finite-dimensional quantum systems by effectively making use of the geometric and structural properties of the open quantum system and the model of the environmental interaction. It is shown that both the geometric properties of the system as well as the structure of decohering environmental interaction play a vital role in successful decoherence suppression. We re-formulate the problem of decoherence suppression as a disturbance rejection scheme, in which the environmental interaction is treated as the quantum disturbance. The conditions for “decouplability” is given along with a detailed constructive algorithm to synthesize the decoupling control of with the help of a scalable ancillary quantum system. This decoherence suppression strategy is demonstrated for a simple 2-qubit system wherein the effects of decoherence are completely eliminated. The theory provides conditions to be imposed on the controller to ensure perfect decoupling.
We analyze and compare three different strategies, all aimed at controlling and eventually halting decoherence. The first strategy hinges upon the quantum Zeno effect, the second makes use of frequent unitary interruptions (``bang-bang'' pulses and their generalization, quantum dynamical decoupling), and the third uses a strong, continuous coupling. Decoherence is shown to be suppressed only if the frequency NNN of the measurements or pulses is large enough or if the coupling KKK is sufficiently strong. Otherwise, if NNN or KKK is large, but not extremely large, all these control procedures accelerate decoherence. We investigate the problem in a general setting and then consider some practical examples, relevant for quantum computation.