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Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics

Computationally secure bit commitment protocol based on quantum steganography

Cao Dong, Song Yao-liang

Published Jan 28, 2012• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

In quantum bit commitment(QBC),most existed proposals analyze little of communicating an innocent message over noisy quantum channels.These methods are not practical.Based on the information hiding characteristics of quantum steganography,a novel QBC protocal is proposed.An elegant scheme is presented for disguising secret information as quantum noise,and embedding it in stego qubits which encode into a codeword of quantum error-correcting code.The method is proved secure and effective in the presence of noisy quantum channel and it's a potential eavesdropper.The results of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation show that the proposed scheme has perfect concealing and binding properties. Theoretical analysis proved the validity.The method forms a theoretical basis for the promotion and application of quantum cryptographic protocols.

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In quantum bit commitment(QBC),most existed proposals analyze little of communicating an innocent message over noisy quantum channels.These methods are not practical.Based on the information hiding characteristics of quantum steganography,a novel QBC protocal is proposed.An elegant scheme is presented for disguising secret information as quantum noise,and embedding it in stego qubits which encode into a codeword of quantum error-correcting code.The method is proved secure and effective in the presence of noisy quantum channel and it's a potential eavesdropper.The results of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation show that the proposed scheme has perfect concealing and binding properties. Theoretical analysis proved the validity.The method forms a theoretical basis for the promotion and application of quantum cryptographic protocols.
Steganography is the technique of hiding secret information by embedding it in a seemingly ``innocent'' message. We present protocols for hiding quantum information by disguising it as noise in a codeword of a quantum error-correcting code. The sender (Alice) swaps quantum information into the codeword and applies a random choice of unitary operation, drawing on a secret random key she shares with the receiver (Bob). Using the key, Bob can retrieve the information, but an eavesdropper (Eve) with the power to monitor the channel, but without the secret key, cannot distinguish the message from channel noise. We consider two types of protocols: one in which the hidden quantum information is stored locally in the codeword, and another in which it is embedded in the space of error syndromes. We analyze how difficult it is for Eve to detect the presence of secret messages, and estimate rates of steganographic communication and secret key consumption for specific protocols and examples of error channels. We consider both the case where there is no actual noise in the channel (so that all errors in the codeword result from the deliberate actions of Alice), and the case where the channel is noisy and not controlled by Alice and Bob.
Quantum Bit Commitment (QBC) is a foundational primitive in quantum cryptography, intended to enable secure commitments with strong information-theoretic guarantees. The protocol described in ‘Unconditionally secure multi-party quantum commitment scheme’, [1] published in Quantum information processing, 2018 Springer, uses coherent-state encoding and claims statistical hiding and computational binding. In this work, we identify a fundamental vulnerability in the hiding property of the protocol. Specifically, we demonstrate that an adversarial receiver applies Hadamard transformation to the incoming states, effectively changing the basis to enhance distinguishability between the two received messages. This linear optical strategy enables partial extraction of message without the use of quantum storage or entangled resources. We formally analyze the structure of the protocol and quantify the information leakage by computing the distinguishability between quantum state ensembles associated with different commitments. Our findings indicate that the protocol fails to maintain statistical hiding under general quantum adversarial models, raising concerns about its applicability in settings requiring strong concealment guarantees.
Bit commitment is an essential primitive in quantum cryptography. It is the basic building block of many cryptographic protocols in which it provides security over distrustful parties. This paper proposes a secured quantum two-bit commitment protocol for any two classical bits. The protocol contains two parties - a committer and a receiver - who share both quantum and classical communication channels. The main phases of this protocol are commitment and revealing phases where the concealing and binding conditions are proved in order to accept the commitment message. The proposed framework utilizes different security layers to hide specific quantum states in a superposition alongside trivial one qubit operations. The secured unitary transformations are applied by the two parties to meet the concealing and binding conditions. To verify the success of the proposed protocol, the measured output of the two parties are compared. The protocol operates under the assumption that the two parties might cheat and the possible existence of an eavesdropper.
Steganography is the art of concealing secret information by embedding it in an apparently innocent-looking message. Quantum steganography applies the principles of quantum mechanics to traditional steganography and, compared to the latter, offers significant advantages, including heightened security, improved concealment, and increased data-hiding capacity. Traditionally, quantum steganography disguises the covert communication as channel noise, which is corrected using preshared classical randomness. This method requires the steganalytic eavesdropper Eve to overestimate the level of channel noise, so that the bounds on the stego channel capacity depend on this assumed gap in Eve's knowledge of the channel. In this work, we point out that by means of preshared quantum entanglement the secret message can be encoded into nonlocal correlations, obviating the need for such an assumption of Eve's ignorance. Consequently, the capacity bounds on the stego channel can then come from the channel capacity of the quantum communication channel. We introduce three such entanglement-based quantum steganographic protocols that make use of catalytic quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs), degenerate entanglement-assisted QECCs, or the phase bit of preshared entanglement. Here catalytic QECCs enable recycling entanglement, while entanglement assistance allows both sender and receiver to contribute to the protocol's secrecy. We derive upper and lower bounds on the secrecy capacity of each protocol, and demonstrate their practical robustness.
Quantum steganography is the study of hiding secret quantum information by encoding it into what an eavesdropper would perceive as an innocent-looking message. Here we study an explicit steganographic encoding for Alice to hide her secret message in the syndromes of an error-correcting code, so that the encoding simulates a given noisy quantum channel. We calculate achievable rates of steganographic communication over noiseless quantum channels using this encoding. We give definitions of secrecy and reliability for the communication process, and with these assumptions derive upper bounds on the amount of steganographic communication possible and show that these bounds match the communication rates achieved with our encoding. This gives a steganographic capacity for a noiseless channel emulating a given noisy channel.
Several approaches and techniques exist to make communication via the internet secure, one of these approaches is steganography. Computer steganography is a technique used to conceal data within cover media, ensuring that its presence remains undetected by others. We investigate the steganography potential applications in quantum communication and assess its benefits in the context of secret information transmission. Quantum computers, built on the principles of quantum physics, have introduced new possibilities for researchers in security and computer science. This paper explores the possibilities of realizing a quantum steganography communication, the challenges and its achievements of quantum steganography to tackle a wide range of security and privacy challenges. The article deals with the steganography system which hides text inside images and after that realize quantum communication. The secret message is hidden in the cover image using Least Significant Bit (LSB) algorithm. The paper proposes an information transmission scheme with a quantum channel enabled and visualization of quantum steganography protocol.