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Acta Sinica Quantum Optica

Modulation of Pancharatnam-Berry Phase by Electro-Optic Method in Sagnac Interferometer

Nian-Hua Liu

Published Jan 1, 2011• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We study the modulation of Pancharatnam-Berry phase by lonexugitudinal electro-optical modulator which is an uniaxial crystal inserted into Sagnac interferometer.Because the difference of optical paths between clockwise and anticlockwise loop is zero,under the condition of zero-phase-difference related to the optical paths,the Pancharatnam-Berry phase between clockwise and anticlockwise loop can be distinguished more favorably.The results show that when the applied voltage vary continuously,the Pancharatnam-Berry phase jumps twice due to the characteristics of uniaxial crystal,while the coherent superposition intensity vary continuously.

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We study the modulation of Pancharatnam-Berry phase by lonexugitudinal electro-optical modulator which is an uniaxial crystal inserted into Sagnac interferometer.Because the difference of optical paths between clockwise and anticlockwise loop is zero,under the condition of zero-phase-difference related to the optical paths,the Pancharatnam-Berry phase between clockwise and anticlockwise loop can be distinguished more favorably.The results show that when the applied voltage vary continuously,the Pancharatnam-Berry phase jumps twice due to the characteristics of uniaxial crystal,while the coherent superposition intensity vary continuously.
Subject of study . A phase modulation device for encoding quantum states based on an electro-optical phase modulator asymmetrically located in a Sagnac interferometer is studied. Aim of study. An easily implemented and repeatable method for measuring the path difference to a phase modulator inside a Sagnac interferometer in quantum key distribution systems is developed. Method. A phase difference between the clockwise and counterclockwise continuous propagating light is introduced in the beamsplitter of a Sagnac interferometer when an electrical pulse is transmitted to a phase modulator. Moreover, the asymmetric location of the phase modulator means that this single electrical pulse introduces twice the optical phase difference. Main results. A technique for measuring the difference in propagation time for light traveling in opposite directions to reach the phase modulator in a Sagnac interferometer was proposed and experimentally tested; this technique can be used for simultaneous modulation of phase and intensity in quantum key distribution systems. Practical significance. Our results regarding this highly accurate and easily implementable technique for measuring the difference in propagation time for light traveling in opposite directions to reach the asymmetrically positioned phase modulator in a Sagnac interferometer are relevant for the production of optoelectronic modules used in quantum key distribution systems, where this time difference directly affects the system quality and overall performance.
A novel scheme to realize stable single-photon interference and router-control is demonstrated in this paper. Phase difference between clockwise and counter-clockwise single-photons is controlled by time-division phase modulation in an optic fiber Sagnac loop. Due to the annular geometric configuration of the Sagnac loop, clockwise and counter-clockwise single-photons travel the same optical path and have the same slowly-varying phase drifts, which are automatically compensated. Furthermore, clockwise and counter-clockwise single-photons encounter the same polarization mode dispersion, which is also automatically compensated at the exit port of the Sagnac interferometer. Long-distance single-mode optic fiber at 1550 nm is used in our experimental realization. Fringe visibility of single-photon interference higher than 98% and fidelity of single-photon router-control higher than 90% have been obtained in a Sagnac fiber loop of 5 km. We also realized a stable single-photon interference in Sagnac fiber loops as long as 27 and 52 km. The corresponding fringe visibilities were higher than 94% and 84%, respectively.
A novel scheme to realize stable single-photon interference and router-control is demonstrated in this report. Phase difference between clockwise and counter-clockwise single-photons was controlled by time-division phase modulation in an optic fiber Sagnac[1] loop. Due to the annular geometric configuration of the Sagnac loop, clockwise and counter-clockwise single-photons traveled the same optical path and had the same slowly-varied phase drifts, which were automatically compensated. Furthermore, clockwise and counter-clockwise single-photons encounter the same polarization mode dispersion, which was also automatically compensated at the exit port of the Sagnac interferometer.
It has been shown that measurements involving indefinite causal order can be superior to those in which a sequence of operations occurs in a specified order. In optics, such measurements are realized naturally in a Sagnac interferometer. We show that such an arrangement can measure the solid angle (on the Poincaré sphere) enclosed by a sequence of unitary transformations of the polarization. This is the Pancharatnam-Berry phase. Extension from the classical or single-photon treatment to a fully quantized treatment allows the analysis of the interferometer for arbitrary quantum states of light.This article is part of the theme issue 'The quantum theory of light'.
Polarization-multiplexed phase modulation was demonstrated in a Sagnac interferometer for polarization-auto-compensating quantum key distribution. The Sagnac interferometer was composed of a polarization beam splitter to split the signal pulses into clockwise and counter-clockwise beams of different polarizations, a Faraday rotator to rotate the polarizations of the split clockwise and counter-clockwise beams, and two phase-modulators asymmetrically set in the Sagnac ring. With this structure, the delays of the electronic triggering signals for the two phase-modulators could be set separately, reducing the difficulty in the setup and achieving more precise phase modulation on different polarized beams. Such polarization-multiplexed phase modulation was appropriately gated in sequential time gates to ensure the long-term stability of automatic polarization compensation in the long-distance quantum key distribution system. Polarization-multiplexed phase modulation was implemented in a protocol quantum key distribution system of 25-km communicating fiber length, generating 20-kHz sifted key rate with a qubit error rate lower than 5%.