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ATOM LASERS AND NONLINEAR ATOM OPTICS

L. Deng

Published Jan 1, 2000• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Two recent experimental breakthroughs in the field of atomic physics are reported:the realization of a well-collimated,widely tunable,quasi-continuous wave atom laser,and the generation of matter waves via coherent multi\|wave mixing.The former is a critical step towards a continuous wave,high brightness atom laser while the latter has opened a new field of research:nonlinear atom optics.

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Two recent experimental breakthroughs in the field of atomic physics are reported:the realization of a well-collimated,widely tunable,quasi-continuous wave atom laser,and the generation of matter waves via coherent multi|wave mixing.The former is a critical step towards a continuous wave,high brightness atom laser while the latter has opened a new field of research:nonlinear atom optics.
This paper reviews some of our recent results in nonlinear atom optics. In addition to nonlinear wave-mixing between matter waves, we also discuss the dynamical interplay between optical and matter waves. This new paradigm, which is now within experimental reach, has the potential to impact a number of fields of physics, including the manipulation and applications of atomic coherence, and the preparation of quantum entanglement between microscopic and macroscopic systems. Possible applications include quantum information processing, matter-wave holography, and nanofabrication.
The advent of the laser as an intense, coherent light source gave birth to nonlinear optics, which now plays an important role in many areas of science and technology. One of the first applications of nonlinear optics was the production of coherent light of a new frequency by multi-wave mixing of several optical fields in a nonlinear medium. Until the experimental realization of Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) there had been no intense coherent source of matter-waves analogous to the optical laser. FEC has already been exploited to produce a matter-wave `laser' leading to the threshold of a new field of physics: nonlinear atom optics. Recently the first experiment in nonlinear atom optics was reported: the observation of coherent four wave mixing in which three sodium matter waves mix to produce a fourth. The experiment utilized light pulses to create two high-momentum wavepackets via Bragg diffraction from a stationary Bose- Einstein condensate. The high-momentum components and the remaining zero momentum condensate component interact to form a new momentum component due to the nonlinear self- interaction of the bosonic atoms. We develop a quantum mechanical description, based on the slowly-varying-envelope approximation to the time-dependent nonlinear Schrodinger equation (also called the Gross-Pitaevskii equation), to describe four-wave mixing in Bose-Einstein condensates and apply this description to understand the experimental observations and to make new predictions. We examine the role of phase-modulation, momentum and energy conservation (i.e., phase-matching), and particle number conservation in four-wave mixing of matter waves.
Matter wave optics has a long tradition spanning over many decades starting with electron and ion optics. These techniques now find commercial applications in microscopy and lithography. Neutron optics contributed many beautiful experiments that tested many fundamental principles in quantum mechanics. Over the last decade the field of atom optics has been developed. In particular the availability of narrowband tunable laser sources has opened up the addressing of the internal electronic degrees of freedom of the atoms and as a result, the manipulation of their trajectories. The dissipative nature of the atom light interaction is used for laser cooling methods e.g. to collimate atomic beams to a high brightness whereas the dispersive nature of the interaction is used to realize different atom optical components like lenses, beam-splitters and mirrors. Consequently atom optics is now at a stage where applications of those elements in more complex systems are studied. An overview of recent developments is given. This includes atom interferometry and atom lithography experiments and experiments with a quasi 2D gas of ultra cold atoms in planar waveguides. Future directions and applications are outlined.
The advent of the laser as an intense, coherent light source gave birth to nonlinear optics, which now plays an important role in many areas of science and technology. One of the first applications of nonlinear optics was the production of coherent light of a new frequency by multi-wave mixing of several optical fields in a nonlinear medium. Until the experimental realization of Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) there had been no intense coherent source of matter-waves analogous to the optical laser. BEC has already been exploited to produce a matter-wave 'laser' atom optics was reported: the observation of coherent four wave mixing in which three sodium matter waves mix to produce a fourth. The experiment utilized light pulses to create two high-momentum wavepackets via Bragg diffraction from a stationary Bose- Einstein condensate. The high-momentum components and the remaining zero momentum condensate component interact to form a new momentum component due to the nonlinear self- interaction of the bosonic atoms. We develop a quantum mechanical description, based on the slowly-varying-envelope approximation to the time-dependent nonlinear Schroedinger equation, to describe four-wave mixing in Bose-Einstein condensates and apply this description to understand the experimental observations and to make new predictions. We examine the role of phase-modulation, momentum and energy conservation, and particle number conservation in four-wave mixing of matter waves.
The availability of coherent matter waves from Bose-Einstein condensates had led to the extension of atom optics from the linear to the nonlinear regime, in analogy with the developments in optics following the invention of the laser. We provide a tutorial introduction to this emerging field, emphasizing the role of collisions as a “nonlinear medium” in the focusing and defocusing of matter waves, the launching of atomic solitons, the generation of vortices, and the demonstration of four-wave mixing both among matter waves and between optical and matter waves.