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Journal of Xi'an University of Post and Telecommunications

Entanglement of quantum pure states

Xin-Wei Zha

Published Jan 1, 2003• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this paper, we firstly propose a new method to make up entangled state, and give the definition of entanglement. Then, we present the formula of entanglement for spin 1/2 particle system.

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By properties of independence state vector in quantum mechanics, a theory to produce entanglement is put forward for the first time and the definition of entangled state and the basic forms of entangledment for multiparticle system are given. Finally the definition is given of entangled degree for basic form entangled state and the formula is derived of entangled degree for two and three_particles system. Furthermore, the criterion of disentangled state for three particles system is described.
Entanglement can be understood as an extraordinary degree of correlation between states of quantum systems – a correlation that cannot be given an explanation in terms of something like a common cause. Entanglement can occur between two or more quantum systems, and the most interesting case is when these correlations occur between systems that are space-like separated, meaning that changes made to one system are immediately correlated with changes in a distant system even though there is no time for a signal to travel between them. In this case one says that quantum entanglement leads to non-local correlations, or non-locality. More precisely, entanglement can be defined in the following way. Consider two particles, A and B, whose (pure) states can be represented by the state vectors ψA and ψB. Instead of representing the state of each particle individually, one can represent the composite two-particle system by another wavefunction, Ψ AB. If the two particles are unentangled , then the composite state is just the tensor product of the states of the components: Ψ AB = ψ A ⊗ ψ B; the state is then said to be factorable (or separable). If the particles are entangled, however, then the state of the composite system cannot be written as such a product of a definite state for A and a definite state for B. This is how an entangled state is defined for pure states: a state is entangled if and only if it cannot be factored: Ψ AB ≠ ψ A ⊗ ψ B.
Entanglement represents purely quantum effect involving two or more particles. Spin systems are good candidates for studying this effect and its relation with other collective phenomena ruled by quantum mechanics. While the presence of entangled states can be easily verified, the quantitative estimate of this property is still under investigation. One of the most useful tools in this framework is the concurrence whose definition, albeit limited to S = 1/2 systems, can be related to the correlators. We consider quantum spin systems defined along chains and square lattices, and described by Heisenberg-like Hamiltonians: our goal is to clarify the relation between entanglement and quantum phase transitions, as well as that between the concurrence the and the specific quantum state of the system.
In this paper we address the question: where in configuration space is the entanglement between two particles located? We present a thought experiment, equally applicable to discrete or continuous-variable systems, in which one or both parties makes a preliminary measurement of the state with only enough resolution to determine whether or not the particle resides in a chosen region, before attempting to make use of the entanglement. We argue that this provides an operational answer to the question of how much entanglement was originally located within the chosen region. We illustrate the approach in a spin system, and also in a pair of coupled harmonic oscillators. Our approach is particularly simple to implement for pure states, since in this case the subensemble in which the system is definitely located in the restricted region after the measurement is also pure, and hence its entanglement can be simply characterized by the entropy of the reduced density operators. For our spin example we present results showing how the entanglement varies as a function of the parameters of the initial state; for the continuous case, we also find how it depends on the location and size of the chosen regions. Hence we show that the distribution of entanglement is very different from the distribution of the classical correlations.