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Journal of Qinghai Normal University

The Radiation Pressure of Two-Level Atom in Spherical Laser Wave

Lie Guang-hua

Published Jan 1, 2002• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

A general theory of the motion of a two-level atom in electromagnetic wave was adopt to calculate the radiation pressure on atoms in spherical laser wave.We find that the radiation pressure force was relate to the motion direction of atoms,and various velocity corresponding to various range of radiation pressure on atoms.By choose the red tuning amount of laser frequency,the range of be cooling atoms and intensity of pressure force can be changed.

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A general theory of the motion of a two-level atom in electromagnetic wave was adopt to calculate the radiation pressure on atoms in spherical laser wave.We find that the radiation pressure force was relate to the motion direction of atoms,and various velocity corresponding to various range of radiation pressure on atoms.By choose the red tuning amount of laser frequency,the range of be cooling atoms and intensity of pressure force can be changed.
A general theory of the motion of a two-level atom in a resonant or near-resonant electromagnetic wave of arbitrary amplitude and phase, including effects of radiative relaxation due to interaction with the quantized vacuum field, is developed from first principles. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of quantum-mechanical fluctuations of the radiation force and on the associated diffusion of atomic momentum due to spontaneous and induced absorption and emission processes. Analytic results and numerical examples are presented for (1) the lower bound on the temperature achievable by radiation cooling in a standing wave tuned below resonance, (2) the heating rate in a strong resonant standing wave, (3) the maximum confinement time for an atom in a Gaussian radiation trap, (4) the deflection and spreading of an atomic beam transversely illuminated by a strong resonant running wave, and (5) the transverse cooling of an atomic beam by a strong running wave tuned below resonance.
The present state of research on the cooling of atomic ensembles by means of laser radiation pressure is discussed. First the basic theory of resonance radiation pressure is reviewed. The effect of recoil on the drift and fluctuations of the momentum of an atom interacting with resonance radiation is examined. There is an analysis of the forces acting on an atom in some simple light fields: a traveling plane wave, a Gaussian beam, and counterpropagating Gaussian beams. The review then focuses on the monochromatization of atoms by resonance radiation pressure and related methods for laser cooling of atoms. The roles played by the radiation pressure force and by momentum diffusion in shaping the narrow velocity distributions of the ensemble of atoms are analyzed. The lowest temperature obtainable in the radiation cooling of atoms is estimated. The basic experimental methods for laser cooling of atomic beams are described. Problems of the three-dimensional cooling of atomic ensembles and problems of localizing cold atoms in light fields, steady-state magnetic fields, and electrostatic fields are discussed. The review concludes with a discussion of some applications of cold atoms in high-precision spectroscopy, frequency standards, and atomic physics.
The motion of an atom in an intense resonant standing laser wave is studied using the Ehrenfest-Bloch equations. Two approaches are taken to determine the radiation or light pressure force on the atom. The first, an attempt to find a Fourier series solution to the optical Bloch equations failed, but Fourier coefficient recursion formulas were found. The second, a numerical calculation of the Bloch variables and the radiation force was successful in obtaining plots of the instantaneous values. The effect of assuming constant atomic velocity is studied, and Fast Fourier Transform discrete harmonic frequency spectra of one of the Bloch variables and the light pressure force are obtained. Finally, the Ehrenfest-Bloch equations are compared with other theories of resonant radiation pressure. (Thesis).
Radiation pressure and laser cooling of a moving three-level ladder-type atom in bichromatic travelling fields are considered. The dependence of the force on parameters such as detunings, Rabi frequencies and spontaneous decay rates is calculated numerically and shown graphically and analytical expressions for the force are obtained for some special parameter values. It is shown that the radiation pressure shows Doppler-shifted resonance peaks resulting respectively from one-photon and two-photon transitions. Using the present scheme, Doppler cooling of sodium exploiting the 3 2 S 1/2 –3 2 P 3/2 –3 2 D 5/2 cascade transitions is investigated. It is found that temperatures lower than the Doppler limit can be achieved.