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Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics

Optimal control of quantum system under bilinear systems

Qixing Zheng

Published Jan 1, 2005• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

By means of the achievement of bilinear systems theory research in the macroscopic fields, associated with the characteristic that the mathematical model of quantum mechanical system is bilinear, an iterative optimal controller for a quantum mechanical system is designed through the derivation of the optimal controller with two points boundary values problem. Also by the simulation experiment of states transfer control of the designed quantum system, the effects to control results with different control parameters are detailly analyzed.

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Proceedings of the ... American Control Conference/Proceedings of the American Control Conference•Jan 1, 2000•32 citations
By means of the achievement of bilinear systems theory research in the macroscopic fields, associated with the characteristic that the mathematical model of quantum mechanical system is bilinear, an iterative optimal controller for a quantum mechanical system is designed through the derivation of the optimal controller with two points boundary values problem. Also by the simulation experiment of states transfer control of the designed quantum system, the effects to control results with different control parameters are detailly analyzed.
By means of the design method for bilinear systems in the macroscopic field in association with the characteristic that the mathematical model of pure state quantum system is bilinear,and of selecting the performance index of the controlled system,the optimal control strategy in quantum systems was proposed based on the Lyapunov stability theorem.The detailed design process of optimal control law was derived.Some simulation experiments were performed on a spin-1/2 particle system.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method proposed.At the same time,the influence of different parameters on the system control effects is analyzed.
The control time is supposed to be relative large, the averaged system is obtained by using of the averaging theorem in the quantum system. The control field of averaged system is designed by classical optimal control theorem, then analytic expression for the control field is acquired within optimal energy. As a result, the normal iterative solution of a two-point boundary value problem is avoided by the use of averaging optimal control. At last, the method is used to a three-level quantum system. The some analysis are given according to the simulation test results.
Equation set of a class of optimal control problems is deduced in quantum mechanical systems based on the variational approach. Furthermore, an on-off variable metric numerical iterative arithmetic with optimized search step length is used to solve such an optimal problem. Finally, some simulation experiments on a spin-1/2 particle system are done. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of the method proposed. At the same time, the effectiveness of the system control under different parameters in the performance index is analyzed.
Control and manipulation of quantum mechanical systems using electromagnetic fields is a widely studied subject in areas of physics and chemistry, including spectroscopy, atomic molecular, and optical physics, and quantum chemistry.This article attempts to provide a glimpse into the rich class of bilinear control systems that are ubiquitous in these problems.In this article, we use control of spin systems in magnetic resonance as a model system to highlight characteristic feature of problems in quantum control.Background information is provided to enable the reader to appreciate new results and developments, where principled use of ideas from control theory have provided new insights into finding optimal ways to control and manipulate quantum mechanical systems.The study of deterministic and stochastic models that arise in problems in measurement and manipulation of quantum mechanical systems may foster new developments in control.
This thesis is concerned with the control and filtering problems for quantum systems. Two kinds of control problems are considered for a class of quantum systems: optimal control and trajectory tracking control. Filtering of a class of linear quantum systems is also investigated. \n \nFor the optimal control of quantum systems, the system in question evolves on a manifold inR^3 and is modeled as a bilinear control form whose states are represented as coherence vectors. An associated matrix Lie group system with state space S O(3) is introduced in order to facilitate solving the given problem. The controllability as well as the reachable set of the system is analyzed in detail. The maximum principle is applied to the optimal control for systems evolving on the Lie group of special orthogonal matrices of dimension 3, with cost that is quadratic in the control input. Controlling the evolutions of coherence vector is equivalent to controlling the states of an associated matrix Lie group system. Thus, the optimal control problem for single spin-1/2 systems can be transformed to steer state of the matrix Lie group system from the identity matrix to a final matrix corresponding to a target state of single spin-1/2 systems in an optimal fashion. The obtained result is employed to perform a reversible logic quantum operation NOT on single spin-1/2 systems. Explicit expressions for the optimal control are given which are linked to the initial state of the system. The main contribution of the result is to extend the existing result to a larger class of systems, generalizing existing wave-function-based results to single spin-1/2 systems whose states are represented by density matrices such that it allows the inclusion of mixed states. \n \nFor the tracking control problem of closed single spin-1/2 quantum ensembles, based on the Liouville-von Neumann equation, mathematical model of dynamics for single spin-1/2 quantum ensembles are formulated as a bilinear form with states evolving on Bloch sphere. For a typical setting in NMR, one in general would not cancel the applied electromagnetic field along a specified direction, thus leading to the dynamics in a plane perpendicular to that direction on the Bloch sphere. One natural question arises that how can one design a feedback controller such that given an initial condition for quantum ensembles, the system evolutions can be steered to the pre-determined trajectory. An associated matrix Lie group differential equation describing transfers from the initial state being an identity matrix is naturally introduced. The tracking problem for the system of interest is transformed to a stabilization problem such that the control techniques are able to be used. A distance function as well as a distance vector defined on the Lie group SO(3) are introduced, which can be used to construct a Lyapunov function to deal with the tracking problem. In order to deal with the tracking problem, the Lyapunov-based feedback design method is employed to obtain the feedback control such that the dynamics of system can converge to the reference trajectory. \n \nFor filtering of quantum systems, the filter problem of a class of linear quantum stochastic systems with quantum noise is investigated. The quantum system model is first analyzed, then the necessary conditions of nondemolition are obtained by applying the observation principle. The relations between the input and output noise are necessary for the nondemolition measurement of the quantum output channels. Given prescribed quantum system, the filter of the system is derived using those necessary conditions.
We study the manipulation of two-level quantum systems. This research is motivated by the design of quantum mechanical logic gates which perform prescribed logic operations on a two-level quantum system, a quantum bit. We consider the problem of driving the evolution operator to a desired state, while minimizing the energy-type cost. Mathematically, this problem translates into an optimal control problem for systems varying on the Lie group of special unitary matrices, with cost that is quadratic in the control. We develop a comprehensive theory of optimal control for two-level quantum systems. In particular, we prove the 'normality' of the given problem and the 'regularity' of the optimal control functions. The impact of the results of the paper on nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and quantum computation is discussed.