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Journal of Physics Conference Series

On the new Continuous Matrix Product Ansatz

Sangwoo S. Chung, S. Bauman, Kuei Sun, C. J. Bolech

Published Mar 1, 2016• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The fertile new field of quantum information theory is inspiring new ways to study correlated quantum systems by providing fresh insights into the structure of their Hilbert spaces. One of the latest developments in this direction was the extension of the ubiquitous matrix-product-state constructions, epitomized by the density-matrix renormalization-group algorithm, to continuous space-time; so as to be able to describe low-dimensional field theories within a variational approach. Following the earlier success achieved for bosonic theories, we present the first implementation of a continuous matrix product state (cMPS) for spinfull non-relativistic fermions in 1D. We propose a construction of variational matrices with an efficient parametrization that respects the translational symmetry of the problem (without being overly constraining) and readily meets the regularity conditions that arise from removing the ultraviolet divergences in the kinetic energy. We tested the validity of our approach on an interacting spin-1/2 system with spin imbalance. We observe that the ansatz correctly predicts the ground-state magnetic properties for the attractive spin-1/2 Fermi gas, including a phase-oscillating pair correlation function in the partially polarized regime (the 1D correlate of the FFLO state). We shall also discuss how to generalize the cMPS ansatz to other situations.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/702/1/012004

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The fertile new field of quantum information theory is inspiring new ways to study correlated quantum systems by providing fresh insights into the structure of their Hilbert spaces. One of the latest developments in this direction was the extension of the ubiquitous matrix-product-state constructions, epitomized by the density-matrix renormalization-group algorithm, to continuous space-time; so as to be able to describe low-dimensional field theories within a variational approach. Following the earlier success achieved for bosonic theories, we present the first implementation of a continuous matrix product state (cMPS) for spinfull non-relativistic fermions in 1D. We propose a construction of variational matrices with an efficient parametrization that respects the translational symmetry of the problem (without being overly constraining) and readily meets the regularity conditions that arise from removing the ultraviolet divergences in the kinetic energy. We tested the validity of our approach on an interacting spin-1/2 system with spin imbalance. We observe that the ansatz correctly predicts the ground-state magnetic properties for the attractive spin-1/2 Fermi gas, including a phase-oscillating pair correlation function in the partially polarized regime (the 1D correlate of the FFLO state). We shall also discuss how to generalize the cMPS ansatz to other situations.
We present an implementation of a continuous matrix product state for two-component fermions in one dimension. We propose a construction of variational matrices with an efficient parametrization that respects the translational symmetry of the problem (without being overly constraining) and readily meets the regularity conditions that arise from removing the ultraviolet divergences in the kinetic energy. We test the validity of our approach on an interacting spin-1/2 system and observe that the ansatz correctly predicts the ground-state magnetic properties for the attractive spin-1/2 Fermi gas, including the phase-oscillating pair correlation function in the partially polarized regime.
The central topic of this thesis is on the fermionic continuous matrix product states (cMPS) variational ansatz for many-body quantum systems in a one-dimensional (1D) continuum.The matrix product states (MPS) is a variational ansatz which has been tremendously successful for nearly two decades in efficiently approximating groundstate properties of low-dimensional quantum lattice systems.The MPS is intrinsically designed for discrete lattice systems, however, and the cMPS has been introduced in 2010 as a continuum analogue of the MPS, enabling the possibility to directly tackle systems of quantum gases and liquids without resorting to discretization of space.
Just as matrix product states represent ground states of one-dimensional quantum spin systems faithfully, continuous matrix product states (cMPS) provide faithful representations of the vacuum of interacting field theories in one spatial dimension. Unlike the quantum spin case, however, for which the density matrix renormalization group and related matrix product state algorithms provide robust algorithms for optimizing the variational states, the optimization of cMPS for systems with inhomogeneous external potentials has been problematic. We resolve this problem by constructing a piecewise linear parameterization of the underlying matrix-valued functions, which enables the calculation of the exact reduced density matrices everywhere in the system by high-order Taylor expansions. This turns the variational cMPS problem into a variational algorithm from which both the energy and its backwards derivative can be calculated exactly and at a cost that scales as the cube of the bond dimension. We illustrate this by finding ground states of interacting bosons in external potentials and by calculating boundary or Casimir energy corrections of continuous many-body systems with open boundary conditions.
Continuous tensor networks give a variational ansatz for the ground state of the quantum field theories (QFTs). Notable examples are the continuous matrix product state (cMPS) and the continuous multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz (cMERA). While cMPS is just adapted to the nonrelativistic QFTs, only the Gaussian cMERA is well understood, which we cannot use to approximate the ground state of the interacting relativistic QFTs. But, instead, cMERA also corresponds to a real-space renormalization group flow in the context of the wave functions. In this paper, we investigate the backward Gaussian cMERA renormalization group flow of the class of cMPS by putting the standard cMPS at the IR scale. At the UV scale, for the bosonic systems in the thermodynamic limit, we achieve the variational class of states that has been proposed recently, as the relativistic cMPS (RCMPS) is adapted to the relativistic QFTs without requiring one to introduce of any additional IR or UV cutoff. We also extend the RCMPS to fermionic systems and theories on a finite circle.
We present a way of constructing continuous matrix product states (cMPS) for coupled fields. The cMPS is a variational ansatz for the ground state of quantum field theories in one dimension. Our proposed scheme is based on a physical interpretation in which the cMPS class can be produced by means of a dissipative dynamic of a system interacting with a bath. We study the case of coupled bosonic fields. We test the method with previous DMRG results in coupled Lieb-Liniger models. Besides, we discuss a novel application for characterizing the Luttinger liquid theory emerging in the low-energy regime of these theories. Finally, we propose a circuit QED architecture as a quantum simulator for coupled fields.
Continuous Matrix Product States (cMPS) are powerful variational ansatz states for ground states of continuous quantum field theories in (1+1) dimension. In this paper we introduce a novel parametrization of the cMPS wave function based on basis-spline functions, which we coin spline-based MPS (spMPS), and develop novel regauging techniques for inhomogeneous cMPS. We extend a recently developed ground-state optimization algorithm for translational invariant cMPS [M. Ganahl, J. Rincón, G.Vidal. Phys.Rev.Lett. 118,220402 (2017)] to the case of inhomogeneous cMPS and, as proof-of-principle, use it to obtain the ground-state of a gas of Lieb-Liniger bosons in a periodic potential. The proposed method provides a first working implementation of a cMPS optimization for non-translational invariant continuous Hamiltonians.