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Lecture notes in physics

Spin-Photon Entanglement in Semiconductor Quantum Dots: Towards Solid-State-Based Quantum Repeaters

Kristiaan De Greve, Y. Yamamoto

Published Dec 29, 2015• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-4-431-55756-2_4

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Entanglement plays a central role in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics as well as in the burgeoning field of quantum information processing. Particularly in the context of quantum networks and communication, an outstanding challenge is the efficient generation of entanglement between stationary (spin) and flying (photon) qubits. In this talk, I will first show the observation of quantum entanglement between a semiconductor quantum dot spin and the color of a propagating optical photon [1]. The demonstration of entanglement relies on the use of fast single-photon detection which allows us to project the photon into a superposition of its two frequency components. Our results extend the previous demonstrations of single-spin-photon entanglement in trapped ions, neutral atoms and nitrogen vacancy centers to the domain of artificial atoms in semiconductor nano-structures that allow for integration of electronic and photonic elements.
Over the last decade, the record distance for quantum communications remains in the range of 100 km due to losses and decoherence in the quantum channel. To achieve long distance, H.J. Briegel et al proposed a quantum repeater protocol, which combine quantum memory, entanglement purification and entanglement swapping [1]. Due to the lack of perfect quantum memory, the quantum repeater has not yet been implemented experimentally though much efforts have been made over many years. Here we present a solid-state repeater scheme using a quantum-dot spin in an optical microcavity [2,3]. This repeater has several advantages: (1) deterministic (if optimized); (2) complete and loss-resistant Bell-state analyzer with a built-in spin memory; (3) the storage time for spin memory could be significantly prolonged using proposed spin-echo techniques; (4) compatible with standard semiconductor processing techniques. [1] H. -J. Briegel et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5932 (1998). [2] C.Y. Hu et al, Phys. Rev. B, 78, 085307 (2008); 78, 125316 (2008); 80, 205326 (2009). [3] C.Y. Hu and J.G. Rarity, ArXiv: quant-ph 1005.5545 (2010). [4] S. Reitzenstein et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 251109 (2007).
Solid-state spins are promising as interfaces from stationary qubits to single photons for quantum communication technologies. Semiconductor quantum dots have excellent optical coherence, exhibit near-unity collection efficiencies when coupled to photonic structures, and possess long-lived spins for quantum memory. However, the incompatibility of performing optical spin control and single-shot readout simultaneously has been a challenge faced by almost all solid-state emitters. To overcome this, we leverage light-hole mixing to realize a highly asymmetric lambda system in a negatively charged heavy-hole exciton in Faraday configuration. By compensating GHz-scale differential Stark shifts, induced by unequal coupling to Raman control fields, and by performing nuclear-spin cooling, we achieve quantum control of an electron-spin qubit with a π-pulse contrast of 97.4% while preserving spin-selective optical transitions with a cyclicity of 471 (50). We demonstrate this scheme for both GaAs and InGaAs quantum dots, and show that it is compatible with the operation of a nuclear quantum memory. Our approach thus enables repeated emission of indistinguishable photons together with qubit control, as required for single-shot readout, photonic cluster-state generation, and quantum repeater technologies.