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International Conference on Communications

Unconditionally secure all-or-nothing disclosure of secrets based on POVM measurements

Yang Wei, Liusheng Huang

Published Jul 13, 2006• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Secure two-party protocols are of significant research and application value. All-or-Nothing Disclosure of Secrets (ANDOS) is such a kind of cryptographic task. It involves two parties, a vendor and a buyer. The vendor, say Alice, who disposes of several secrets and is willing to sell any of them to the buyer, say Bob, with the guarantee that no information about the other secrets will be obtained. Furthermore, Bob can freely choose his secret and wants to ensure that Alice can obtain on information about which of her secrets he has picked. In this paper, we present a new quantum ANDOS scheme which achieves the same functionality, but which is of unconditional security.

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•Jan 1, 2020•1 citation
Secure two-party protocols are of significant research and application value. All-or-Nothing Disclosure of Secrets (ANDOS) is such a kind of cryptographic task. It involves two parties, a vendor and a buyer. The vendor, say Alice, who disposes of several secrets and is willing to sell any of them to the buyer, say Bob, with the guarantee that no information about the other secrets will be obtained. Furthermore, Bob can freely choose his secret and wants to ensure that Alice can obtain on information about which of her secrets he has picked. In this paper, we present a new quantum ANDOS scheme which achieves the same functionality, but which is of unconditional security.
A vendor has several secrets which he regards as of equal worth and importance. He is willing to sell any of these secrets to a buyer. The bargain is said to be secure when the following two conditions are satisfied: 1) the buyer can only obtain one secret if he pays for only one secret, and 2) the vendor will not be able to find out which secret the buyer picked. This cryptographic problem is customarily called all-or-nothing disclosure of secrets (ANDOS). Previous ANDOS schemes have a few defects: neither the number of the secrets is restricted within narrow limits, nor the security is desirable. In this paper, we propose two new and novel ANDOS protocols in quantum computing environment. The first protocol is shown to be as secure as a classical one. The second protocol is based on unambiguous state discrimination, which is proven to be secure in quantum world. Moreover, all our schemes have no limitation on the number of the secrets to be sold.
Abstract- Oblivious transfer (OT) is an important primitive in cryptography. In chosen one-out-of-two OT, Alice offers two bits, one of which Bob can choose to read, not learning any information about the other bit. Alice on the other hand does not obtain any information about Bob’s choice. We present a new technique for the same task in quantum environment, based on POVM measurements. It is shown that our method has two important advantages over the previous approaches. First, it is unconditionally secure without invoking a commitment scheme, and second, it is more efficient in terms of communication complexity. Key words: Oblivious transfer, POVM measurements, Unconditional security
We present a device independently secure quantum scheme for p-threshold all-or-nothing oblivious transfer. Novelty of the scheme is that, its security does not depend -- unlike the usual case -- on any quantum bit commitment protocol, rather it depends on Hardy's argument for two-qubit system. This scheme is shown to be unconditionally secure against any strategy allowed by quantum mechanics. By providing a secure scheme for all-or-nothing quantum oblivious transfer, we have answered a long standing open problem, other than the quantum key distribution, whether there is any two-party quantum cryptographic protocol, which is unconditionally secure.
Based on quantum uncertainty and quantum entanglement, an quantum allor-nothing oblivious transfer protocol is proposed. It is illustrated in detail that the protocol is unconditionally secure. The distinct merit of the present protocol lies in that it is not based on quantum bit commitment. The full utilization of the entanglement makes the protocol different from previous insecure ones, thus its security is not restricted by the no-go theorem of twoparty secure computations. Typeset using REVTEX 1 The research on the oblivious transfer (OT) problem may be traced back to more than twenty years ago [1,2]. Kilian [3] pointed out later that OT is very important in two-party and multi-party protocols. This is because in most symmetrical protocols, the participants always know each others ’ data. If some participants are dishonest or try to get extra information, the protocols become insecure. OT can create some secret between the participants and break this symmetry. Thus it can be used to implement multi-party protocols such as
Oblivious transfer (OT) is an important tool in cryptography. It serves as a subroutine to other complex procedures of both theoretical and practical significance. A common attribute of OT protocols is that one party (Alice) has to send a message to another party (Bob) and has to stay oblivious to whether Bob did receive the message. Specific (OT) protocols vary by exact definition of the task---in the all-or-nothing protocol, Alice sends a single bit-string message, which Bob is able to read with only 5050%50 probability, whereas in a 1-out-of-2 OT protocol Bob reads one out of two messages sent by Alice. These two flavors of protocol are known to be equivalent. Recently, a computationally secure all-or-nothing OT protocol based on quantum states was developed by A. Souto et al. [Phys. Rev. A 91, 042306 (2015)], which, however, cannot be reduced to a 1-out-of-2 OT protocol by standard means. Here we present an elaborate reduction of this protocol that retains the security of the original.
Secure two-party computation considers the problem of two parties computing a joint function of their private inputs without revealing anything beyond the output of the computation. In this work, we take the first steps towards understanding the setting in which the two parties want to evaluate a joint quantum functionality while using only a classical channel between them. Our first result indicates that it is in general impossible to realize a two-party quantum functionality against malicious adversaries with black-box simulation, relying only on classical channels. The negative result stems from reducing the existence of a black-box simulator to an extractor for classical proof of quantum knowledge, which in turn leads to violation of the quantum no-cloning. Next, we introduce the notion of oblivious quantum function evaluation (OQFE). An OQFE is a two-party quantum cryptographic primitive with one fully classical party (Alice) whose input is (a classical description of a) quantum unitary, UUU, and a quantum party (Bob) whose input is a quantum state, ψ\psiψ. In particular, Alice receives a classical output corresponding to the measurement of U(ψ)U(\psi)U(ψ) while Bob receives no output. In OQFE, Bob remains oblivious to Alice's input, while Alice learns nothing about ψ\psiψ more than what can be learned from the output. We present two constructions, one secure against semi-honest parties and the other against malicious parties. Due to the no-go result mentioned above, we consider what is arguably the best possible notion obtainable in our model concerning malicious adversaries: one-sided simulation security. Our protocol relies on the assumption of injective homomorphic trapdoor OWFs, which in turn rely on the LWE problem. As a result, we put forward a first, simple and modular, construction of one-sided quantum two-party computation and quantum oblivious transfer over classical networks.