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Optics Letters

Coupled-mode induced transparency in a bottle whispering-gallery-mode resonator

Yue Wang, Kun Zhang, Song Zhou, Yihui Wu, Ming-Bo Chi, Peng Hao

Published Apr 12, 2016• 55 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optical resonators are ideal systems for achieving electromagnetically induced transparency-like phenomenon. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that one or more transparent windows can be achieved with coupled-mode induced transparency (CMIT) in a single bottle WGM resonator due to the bottle's dense mode spectra and tunable resonant frequencies. This device offers an approach for multi-channel all-optical switching devices and sensitivity-enhanced WGM-based sensors.

DOI
10.1364/ol.41.001825

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Optics Express•Feb 4, 2014•51 citations
Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optical resonators are ideal systems for achieving electromagnetically induced transparency-like phenomenon. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that one or more transparent windows can be achieved with coupled-mode induced transparency (CMIT) in a single bottle WGM resonator due to the bottle's dense mode spectra and tunable resonant frequencies. This device offers an approach for multi-channel all-optical switching devices and sensitivity-enhanced WGM-based sensors.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) are two phenomena that can be observed in whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optical microresonators. Transition from EIT to EIA has potential applications in optical switching, filtering and sensing. In this paper an observation of the transition from EIT to EIA in a single WGM microresonator is presented. A fiber taper is used to couple light into and out of a sausage-like microresonator (SLM) that contains two coupled optical modes with significantly different quality factors. By stretching the SLM axially the resonance frequencies of the two coupled modes are tuned to the same, a transition from EIT to EIA is then observed in the transmission spectra when the fiber taper is moved closer to the SLM. It is the special spatial distribution of the optical modes of the SLM that provide a theoretical basis for the observation.
Optical interference and the related effects are key elements which could exhibit the properties of both classical and quantum optical systems. Usually, the interference between different optical paths may produce intriguing effects, such as the electromagnetically induced transparent (EIT) and so on. In this work, we study the interference effects in directly coupled whispering-gallery mode (WGM) micro-resonators, in which the emergence of EIT and electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) could be observed. We find by tuning the coupling strength between the resonators, the modulation phase may control the appearance and disappearance of EIT (EIA). Furthermore, we prove the existence of fast and slow light, and propose a scheme for effective switching between them. This work provides a new strategy for obtaining slow light and quantum storage in the WGM micro-resonators.
In this study, we theoretically proposed a method to achieve an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like effect in a whispering gallery mode resonator (WGMR) and experimentally validated the method in a lithium niobate (LN) device. Benefitting from the electro-optic and inverse piezoelectric effects of the LN material, two modes of the LN WGMR that are close in frequency can be tuned at different tuning rates, resulting in EIT-like resonance lineshapes. By varying the electric field applied to the LN WGMR, the full dynamic of the EIT-like phenomenon can be precisely controlled. The experimental results agreed well with the calculations based on the coupled mode theory. Moreover, we observed a hysteresis resulting from the photorefractive effect of LN. We believe our proposed method and demonstrated devices offer a way to control an EIT-like effect, which could have potential applications in light storage, quantum information processing, and enhanced sensing techniques.
Induced transparency and absorption effects are observed in the throughput of a hollow bottle microresonator using either mode coupling or superposition of two coresonant orthogonally polarized whispering gallery modes of very different quality factors (Q). The first method is based on intracavity cross polarization coupling when either the TE mode or the TM mode is driven, resulting in coupled mode induced transparency (CMIT) and coupled mode induced absorption (CMIA). The second method is based on superposition of the throughputs when the two modes are simultaneously driven by input light linearly polarized at an angle of 45° with respect to the TE-TM basis of the resonator, and throughput of the same polarization is detected. In this way, superposition can be created even in the absence of cross polarization coupling. The observations using the second method are referred to as coresonant polarization induced transparency and absorption (CPIT, CPIA). Coresonance between the TE and TM modes can be obtained by strain tuning. The above behaviors are analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption (EIT, EIA), and enable slow light and fast light, i.e., the delay or advancement of an incident resonant pulse. Experimental results representative of several different types of behavior are presented here. Induced transparency is seen to be accompanied by pulse delay, whereas induced absorption can be accompanied by pulse advancement or delay. The results are analyzed and explained by simple analytical modeling and by comparison to the output of a more detailed numerical model describing these effects.
We fabricated a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated silica microbubble cavity with rich whispering gallery modes (WGMs). An electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window is realized through experimentally coupling a tapered fiber with the PDMS-coated microbubble resonator (MBR). There is a high-Q mode in the vicinity of a low-Q mode in transmission spectra. The experimental results prove that the high-Q mode performs a small redshift while the low-Q mode performs a large blueshift when the input power increases. This attributes to the negative thermo-optical coefficient (TOC) of PDMS and the positive TOC of silica. An EIT-like window is realized when these two modes are on-resonance with same frequency.
We observe theoretically and experimentally electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like effect in a single microdisk resonator (MDR) evanescently coupled with two bus waveguides. This structure is modeled using transfer matrix method, and it is revealed that the EIT-like spectrum originates from the coherent interference between two nearby low-order whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) with comparable quality factors. The EIT-like properties have been investigated analytically with respect to coupling efficiency, round-trip power attenuation, as well as phase spacing between two resonances. The resonance spacing and mode coupling are adjustable by varying the effective indices of WGMs and waveguide mode. Consequently, fully integrated MDRs were fabricated in silicon. Resonant modes and coupling efficiency are studied in one-bus waveguide coupled MDRs. Finally, EIT-like resonance is observed in a two-bus waveguides coupled MDR of 3 μm in radius with a quality factor of 4,200 and central transmission larger than 0.65. The experimental results agree with our modeling well and show good internal consistency, confirming that two WGMs coupled in a point-to-point manner are required for EIT-like effect.