Experimentalists seeking to improve the coherent lifetimes of quantum bits have generally focused on improvements to qubit designs, materials, and system isolation from environmental perturbations. In the case of the phase degree of freedom in a quantum superposition, however, the coherence that must be preserved is ultimately that of the qubit relative to the system clock, rather than that of the qubit in isolation. In this manuscript we clarify the impact of clock instability on qubit dephasing and provide quantitative estimates of fidelity upper-bounds set by noisy phase fluctuations in the clock. We first indicate analytically that such phase fluctuations in the clock - typically referred to as the local oscillator (LO) - are indistinguishable from a pure dephasing field arising from other environmental mechanisms. Using these results, we apply commonly quoted LO phase-noise specifications to calculate the resultant performance bounds on qubit operational fidelities. We find that laboratory grade LOs contribute error probabilities beyond $10^{-4}$ for operation times $<1\;\mu$s, while the use of precision LOs can suppress error rates by $10^{4}$. We find that in either case phase fluctuations at frequencies far from the carrier dominate operational error rates, and due to their high-frequency spectral content, are difficult to mitigate using dynamic error suppression strategies. Further, we consider the importance of LO noise bandwidth and its impact on the degree to which thermal phase fluctuations in the LO contribute an effective error floor. These observations and analysis of the flow-down effects of such errors on the implementation of benchmarking and quantum error correction protocols highlight challenges and advantages that particular qubit technologies possess in the context of phase-noise-induced errors and motivate enhanced research in precision frequency metrology.
Experimentalists seeking to improve the coherent lifetimes of quantum bits have generally focused on improvements to qubit designs, materials, and system isolation from environmental perturbations. In the case of the phase degree of freedom in a quantum superposition, however, the coherence that must be preserved is ultimately that of the qubit relative to the system clock, rather than that of the qubit in isolation. In this manuscript we clarify the impact of clock instability on qubit dephasing and provide quantitative estimates of fidelity upper-bounds set by noisy phase fluctuations in the clock. We first indicate analytically that such phase fluctuations in the clock - typically referred to as the local oscillator (LO) - are indistinguishable from a pure dephasing field arising from other environmental mechanisms. Using these results, we apply commonly quoted LO phase-noise specifications to calculate the resultant performance bounds on qubit operational fidelities. We find that laboratory grade LOs contribute error probabilities beyond 10−4 for operation times <1μs, while the use of precision LOs can suppress error rates by 104. We find that in either case phase fluctuations at frequencies far from the carrier dominate operational error rates, and due to their high-frequency spectral content, are difficult to mitigate using dynamic error suppression strategies. Further, we consider the importance of LO noise bandwidth and its impact on the degree to which thermal phase fluctuations in the LO contribute an effective error floor. These observations and analysis of the flow-down effects of such errors on the implementation of benchmarking and quantum error correction protocols highlight challenges and advantages that particular qubit technologies possess in the context of phase-noise-induced errors and motivate enhanced research in precision frequency metrology.
Abstract Experimentalists seeking to improve the coherent lifetimes of quantum bits have generally focused on mitigating decoherence mechanisms through, for example, improvements to qubit designs and materials, and system isolation from environmental perturbations. In the case of the phase degree of freedom in a quantum superposition, however, the coherence that must be preserved is not solely internal to the qubit, but rather necessarily includes that of the qubit relative to the ‘master clock’ (e.g., a local oscillator) that governs its control system. In this manuscript, we articulate the impact of instabilities in the master clock on qubit phase coherence and provide tools to calculate the contributions to qubit error arising from these processes. We first connect standard oscillator phase-noise metrics to their corresponding qubit dephasing spectral densities. We then use representative lab-grade and performance-grade oscillator specifications to calculate operational fidelity bounds on trapped-ion and superconducting qubits with relatively slow and fast operation times. We discuss the relevance of these bounds for quantum error correction in contemporary experiments and future large-scale quantum information systems, and consider potential means to improve master clock stability.
As qubit decoherence times are increased and readout technologies are improved, nonidealities in the drive signals, such as phase noise, are going to represent a crucial limitation to the fidelity achievable at the end of complex control pulse sequences. Although the effect of phase noise of reference oscillators on qubit performance has been studied previously, its interaction with realistic time-dependent control pulses and its contribution to fidelity degradation have not yet been investigated in sufficient detail, and remains a critical challenge. Here we study the impact on fidelity of phase noise affecting reference oscillators with the help of numerical simulations, which allow us to directly take into account the interaction between the phase fluctuations in the control signals and the evolution of the qubit state, thereby achieving a comprehensive understanding of the actual role played by the different spectral components of phase noise. In particular, we perform an analysis of the effect of the individual noise frequency contributions, providing a clear identification of the spectral regions that most critically impact fidelity and establishing their relative weight in the overall fidelity degradation. Our method is based on the generation of phase noise realizations consistent with a given power spectral density, that are then applied to the pulse carrier in simulations, with Qiskit-Dynamics, of the qubit temporal evolution. By comparing the final state obtained at the end of a noisy pulse sequence with that in the ideal case and averaging over multiple noise realizations, we estimate the resulting degradation in fidelity, and, exploiting an approximate analytical representation of a carrier affected by phase fluctuations, we shed new light on the nature of the different contributions, and provide an intuitive physical picture.
Experimentalists seeking to improve the coherent lifetimes of quantum bits have generally focused on mitigating decoherence mechanisms through, for example, improvements to qubit designs and materials, and system isolation from environmental perturbations. In the case of the phase degree of freedom in a quantum superposition, however, the coherence that must be preserved is not solely internal to the qubit, but rather necessarily includes that of the qubit relative to the "master clock" (e.g. a local oscillator) that governs its control system. In this manuscript we articulate the impact of instabilities in the master clock on qubit phase coherence, and provide tools to calculate the contributions to qubit error arising from these processes. We first connect standard oscillator phase-noise metrics to their corresponding qubit dephasing spectral densities. We then use representative lab-grade and performance-grade oscillator specifications to calculate operational fidelity bounds on trapped-ion and superconducting qubits with relatively slow and fast operation times. We discuss the relevance of these bounds for quantum error correction in contemporary experiments and future large-scale quantum information systems, and discuss potential means to improve master clock stability.
Abstract As qubit decoherence times are increased and readout technologies are improved, nonidealities in the drive signals, such as phase noise, are going to represent a crucial limitation to the fidelity achievable at the end of complex control pulse sequences. Although the effect of phase noise of reference oscillators on qubit performance has been studied previously, its interaction with realistic time-dependent control pulses and its contribution to fidelity degradation has not yet been investigated in sufficient detail, and remains a critical challenge. Here we study the impact on fidelity of phase noise affecting reference oscillators with the help of numerical simulations, which allow us to directly take into account the interaction between the phase fluctuations in the control signals and the evolution of the qubit state, thereby achieving a comprehensive understanding of the actual role played by the different spectral components of phase noise. In particular, we perform an analysis of the effect of the individual noise frequency contributions, providing a clear identification of the spectral regions that most critically impact fidelity and establishing their relative weight in the overall fidelity degradation. Our method is based on the generation of phase noise realizations consistent with a given power spectral density, that are then applied to the pulse carrier in simulations, with Qiskit-Dynamics, of the qubit temporal evolution. By comparing the final state obtained at the end of a noisy pulse sequence with that in the ideal case and averaging over multiple noise realizations, we estimate the resulting degradation in fidelity, and, exploiting an approximate analytical representation of a carrier affected by phase fluctuations, we shed new light on the nature of the different contributions, and provide an intuitive physical picture.
Abstract As qubit decoherence times are increased and readout technologies are improved, nonidealities in the drive signals, such as phase noise, are going to represent a crucial limitation to the fidelity achievable at the end of complex control pulse sequences. While prior studies have addressed the impact of reference oscillator phase noise on qubit performance, its interaction with realistic control pulses and its role in fidelity degradation have not been examined in sufficient detail. Furthermore, previous analyses grounded in the filter-function formalism identify high-frequency spectral components as the dominant source of fidelity loss, a conclusion that has also been used as a compelling marketing feature by some hardware vendors. Here we reevaluate this assertion by means of direct time-domain numerical simulations, in which phase noise realizations with a given power spectral density are applied to the carrier of realistic control pulse sequences, and the resulting qubit evolution is computed with Qiskit-Dynamics and averaged over multiple noise realizations. We show that the claimed dominance of high-frequency components originates from an oversight in interpreting the conversion between the phase-noise and the frequency-noise power spectral densities: at equal power, the components close to the Rabi frequency are by far the most detrimental, while those far from the carrier act only marginally, mainly through residual amplitude modulation. We performed an analysis using both two- and three-level models, the latter capturing leakage outside the computational subspace. We further show that, for realistic phase noise spectra of local oscillators, whose power is concentrated in the low-offset region, the fidelity loss is dominated by such high-power low-frequency components.
Superconducting circuits are a leading platform for quantum computing. However, their coherence times are still limited and exhibit temporal fluctuations. Those phenomena are often attributed to the coupling between qubits and material defects that can be well described as an ensemble of two-level systems (TLSs). Among them, charge fluctuators inside amorphous oxide layers contribute to both low-frequency 1/f charge noise and high-frequency dielectric loss, causing fast qubit dephasing and relaxation. Moreover, spectral diffusion from mutual TLS interactions varies the noise amplitude over time, fluctuating the qubit lifetime. Here, we propose to mitigate those harmful effects by engineering the relevant TLS noise spectral densities. Specifically, our protocols smooth the high-frequency noise spectrum and suppress the low-frequency noise amplitude via depolarizing and dephasing the TLSs, respectively. As a result, we predict a drastic stabilization in qubit lifetime and an increase in qubit pure dephasing time. Our detailed analysis of feasible experimental implementations shows that the improvement is not compromised by spurious coupling from the applied noise to the qubit.