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Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Unraveling of a detailed-balance-preserved quantum master equation and continuous feedback control of a measured qubit

JunYan Luo, Jinshuang Jin, Shi-Kuan Wang, Jing Hu, Yixiao Huang, Xiao-Ling He

Published Mar 14, 2016• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a generic unraveling scheme for a detailed-balance-preserved quantum master equation applicable for stochastic point processes in mesoscopic transport. It enables us to investigate continuous measurement of a qubit on the level of single quantum trajectories, where essential correlations between the inherent dynamics of the qubit and detector current fluctuations are revealed. Based on this unraveling scheme, feedback control of the charge qubit is implemented to achieve a desired pure state in the presence of the detailed-balance condition. With sufficient feedback strength, coherent oscillations of the measured qubit can be maintained for arbitrary qubit-detector coupling. Competition between the loss and restoration of coherence entailed, respectively, by measurement back action and feedback control is reflected in the noise power spectrum of the detector's output. It is demonstrated unambiguously that the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly enhanced with increasing feedback strength and could even exceed the well-known Korotkov-Averin bound in quantum measurement. The proposed unraveling and feedback scheme offers a transparent and straightforward approach to effectively sustaining ideal coherent oscillations of a charge qubit in the field of quantum computation.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.93.125122

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We present a generic unraveling scheme for a detailed-balance-preserved quantum master equation applicable for stochastic point processes in mesoscopic transport. It enables us to investigate continuous measurement of a qubit on the level of single quantum trajectories, where essential correlations between the inherent dynamics of the qubit and detector current fluctuations are revealed. Based on this unraveling scheme, feedback control of the charge qubit is implemented to achieve a desired pure state in the presence of the detailed-balance condition. With sufficient feedback strength, coherent oscillations of the measured qubit can be maintained for arbitrary qubit-detector coupling. Competition between the loss and restoration of coherence entailed, respectively, by measurement back action and feedback control is reflected in the noise power spectrum of the detector's output. It is demonstrated unambiguously that the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly enhanced with increasing feedback strength and could even exceed the well-known Korotkov-Averin bound in quantum measurement. The proposed unraveling and feedback scheme offers a transparent and straightforward approach to effectively sustaining ideal coherent oscillations of a charge qubit in the field of quantum computation.
In the context of a charge qubit under continuous monitoring by a single electron transistor, we propose an unraveling of the generalized quantum Markovian master equation into an ensemble of individual quantum trajectories for stochastic point process. A suboptimal feedback algorism is implemented into individual quantum trajectories to protect a desired pure state. Coherent oscillations of the charge qubit could be maintained in principle for an arbitrarily long time in case of sufficient feedback strength. The effectiveness of the feedback control is also reflected in the detector's noise spectrum. The signal-to-noise ratio rises significantly with increasing feedback strength such that it could even exceed the Korotkov-Averin bound in quantum measurement, manifesting almost ideal quantum coherent oscillations of the qubit. The proposed unraveling and feedback protocol may open up the prospect to sustain ideal coherent oscillations of a charge qubit in quantum computation algorithms.
Conventional quantum trajectory theory developed in quantum optics is largely based on the physical unravelling of a Lindblad-type master equation, which constitutes the theoretical basis of continuous quantum measurement and feedback control. In this work, in the context of continuous quantum measurement and feedback control of a solid-state charge qubit, we present a physical unravelling scheme of a non-Lindblad-type master equation. Self-consistency and numerical efficiency are well demonstrated. In particular, the control effect is manifested in the detector noise spectrum, and the effect of measurement voltage is discussed.
Quantum measurement of a solid-state qubit by a mesoscopic detector is of fundamental interest in quantum physics and an essential issue in quantum computing. In this work, by employing a unified quantum master equation approach constructed in our recent publications, we study the measurement-induced relaxation and dephasing of the coupled-quantum-dot states measured by a quantum-point contact. Our treatment pays particular attention on the detailed-balance relation, which is a consequence of properly accounting for the energy exchange between the qubit and detector during the measurement process. As a result, our theory is applicable to measurement at arbitrary voltage and temperature. Both numerical and analytical results for the qubit relaxation and dephasing are carried out, and important features are highlighted in concern with their possible relevance to future experiments.
Closely related to the quantum information processing in solid states, we study the quantum measurement of single electron state by a mesoscopic charge-sensitive detector, namely the quantum point contact (QPC). We find that the conventional Lindblad-type master equation is not appropriate for describing the underlying measurement dynamics. The treatment developed in this work properly accounts for the energy-exchange between the detector and the measured system, and its role on the detailed-balance relation. A valid description for the QPC measurement dynamics is provided which may have impact on the study of quantum measurement and quantum feedback control in solid states.
In quantum mechanics, standard or strong measurement approaches generally result in the collapse of an ensemble of wavefunctions into a stochastic mixture of eigenstates. On the other hand, continuous or weak measurements have the propensity to dynamically control the evolution of quantum states over time, guiding the trajectory of the state into non-trivial superpositions and maintaining state purity. This kind of measurement-induced state steering is of great theoretical and experimental interest for the harnessing of quantum bits or "qubits", which are the fundamental unit of the emerging quantum computer. We explore continuous measurement-based quantum state stabilization through linear feedback control for a single quantum bit. By applying a time-varying Rabi drive that includes a linear feedback term, we show that the fixed points of the continuous measurement may be relocated. Analytical derivations of Itô Stochastic Master Equations being ideal models, we employ them to derive the projected ensemble average while utilizing numerical simulations to characterize the stability of the set of possible fixed points, as well as their modified collapse time-scales. We include the effects of realistic experimental non-idealities, such as environmental energy relaxation, dephasing, time-delay, and inefficient measurement. Ultimately, we discuss potential experimental implementations from collaborating universities.