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Physical Review A

Linearly aligned superradiant Bose-Einstein condensates diffracted by a single short laser pulse

一郎 稲野, Keisuke Nakamura, Atsuo Morinaga

Published Apr 23, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Multiorder bidirectional superradiant Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) were generated in a straight line by an irradiation of a single unidirectional short laser pulse along the long axis of a cigar-shaped sodium BEC in a magnetic trap. The probabilities of the diffracted BECs as a function of the laser intensity were well explained by the square of the Bessel functions and it was estimated that the intensity of the end-fire beam was 25$%$ of the laser intensity. The backward diffractions disappeared at pulse duration longer than 5 \ensuremath{\mu}s because of energy conservation. The probability for the $+$first-order diffraction grew exponentially with pulse duration when the backward diffractions disappeared. We observed the linearly aligned diffracted BECs along the propagation direction of the laser beam, regardless of the aspect ratio of the condensates. This fact indicates that the end-fire beam is triggered by the small backreflection from the vacuum window.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.87.043627

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Multiorder bidirectional superradiant Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) were generated in a straight line by an irradiation of a single unidirectional short laser pulse along the long axis of a cigar-shaped sodium BEC in a magnetic trap. The probabilities of the diffracted BECs as a function of the laser intensity were well explained by the square of the Bessel functions and it was estimated that the intensity of the end-fire beam was 25% of the laser intensity. The backward diffractions disappeared at pulse duration longer than 5 \ensuremath{\mu}s because of energy conservation. The probability for the +++first-order diffraction grew exponentially with pulse duration when the backward diffractions disappeared. We observed the linearly aligned diffracted BECs along the propagation direction of the laser beam, regardless of the aspect ratio of the condensates. This fact indicates that the end-fire beam is triggered by the small backreflection from the vacuum window.
The non-equilibrium dynamics of the superradiant scattering of light from a BEC is experimentally investigated by monitoring the time evolution of the population in the condensate. In the experiment, a cigar-shaped Bose-Einstein condensate of /sup 87/Rb atoms is produced and is exposed to a single off-resonant laser pulse directed along the condensate symmetry axis. The superradiant back-scattering of light creates a matter wave pulse moving in the same direction of the laser beam at twice the photon recoil velocity with respect to the original condensate. The efficiency of the process is limited by decoherence between the two atomic spatially overlapped wavepackets. The temporal evolution of the condensate observed in the experiment as well as the results of a simple semiclassical model in which the condensate is described by a density operator for the motional states. The population of the two matter wavepackets as a function of the light pulse duration is reported, together with the experimental points with the analytical formula resulting from the theory of collective atomic recoil laser (CARL).
Equations of a semiclassical model of superradiant Rayleigh scattering of high-intensity short light pulses from a Bose-Einstein condensate of dilute atomic gases are solved numerically taking into account the excitation of atoms by coherent Rayleigh radiation and their recoil in the backward direction. The evolution of the populations of coherent atomic states with a particular momentum is studied, and the pulse shape and the structure of the spectrum of such scattering are found in relation to the laser beam intensity and the recoil kinetic energy of atoms.
We propose a setup to generate giant Kerr nonlinearity and polaritonic solitons via matter-wave superradiant scattering. The system we consider is a long cigar-shaped Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), pumped by a red-detuned laser field with a space-dependent intensity distribution in transverse directions. The pump and the scattered fields propagate along the longitudinal direction. We show that by means of the atom-photon and atom-atom interactions in the system it is possible to produce a giant nonlinear optical effect. We further show that a backward scattering of the laser field from the BEC is favorable for the formation and stable propagation of polaritonic solitons, which are collective nonlinear excitations of the BEC coupled with the scattered laser field. In the case of backward Stokes (anti-Stokes) scattering the system may support robust bright (dark) polaritonic solitons propagating with superluminal (subluminal) velocity.
We describe the setup to create a large Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) containing more than 120 million atoms. In the experiment a thermal beam is slowed by a Zeeman slower and captured in a dark-spot magneto-optical trap (MOT). The sample is subsequently spin polarized in a high magnetic field, before the atoms are loaded in the magnetic trap. Spin polarizing in a high magnetic field results in an increase in the transfer efficiency by a factor of 2 compared to experiments without spin polarizing. In the magnetic trap the cloud is cooled to degeneracy in 50 s by evaporative cooling. This large atom number BEC yields the possibility to enter the hydrodynamic regime by evaporative cooling at a relative low density suppressing the effect of avalanches. The collisional opacity can be tuned from the collisionless regime to a collisional opacity of more than 3 by compressing the trap after condensation. In the collisional opaque regime a significant heating of the cloud at time scales shorter than half of the radial trap period is measured. This is direct proof that the BEC is hydrodynamic. Furthermore a detailed study is presented of superradiant scattering from a BEC. The relation between the depletion of the BEC and the onset of the different side modes as well as the transition from the weak to the strong pulse regime is studied yielding a good insight in the coupling processes between the BEC and the side modes. Finally, a simplified model to describe the time evolution of the process is presented. The model gives a good quantitative description of the fraction of atoms coupled to different side modes, showing that the approximations made in the modeling are valid. Also the atom pair production by superradiant backward-scattering from a Bose-Einstein condensate is investigated. In our experiment the energy in the process is conserved by using a pulse with two frequencies. This makes the process resonant, which gives full control over the number of atoms in the different recoil modes. It is shown that resonant backward-scattering produces strongly correlated side modes in which number squeezing and phase correlation are likely. This makes resonant superradiant backward-scattering a promising candidate for many-particle entanglement.