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Physical Review A

Efficient ground-state cooling of an ion in a large room-temperature linear Paul trap with a sub-Hertz heating rate

G. Poulsen, Y. Miroshnychenko, Michael Drewsen

Published Nov 26, 2012• 30 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate efficient resolved sideband laser cooling ($99\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1%$ ground-state population) of a single ${}^{40}{\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ ion in a large linear Paul trap (electrode spacing of 7 mm) operated at an rf drive frequency of just 3.7 MHz. For ion oscillation frequencies in the range 280--585 kHz, heating rates below or about one motional quantum per second have been measured at room temperature. The results, obtained under these unconventional sideband cooling conditions, pave the way for a range of new types of cold ion experiments, including spectroscopy of molecular ions as well as ultracold chemistry.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.86.051402

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The limitations to the achievement of low kinetic energies for laser cooling of single ions confined in electromagnetic traps are discussed. Sideband cooling of an ion in an rf (Paul) trap is reexamined including the effects of finite laser bandwidth and the energy of the rf micromotion. The micromotion is the oscillatory motion of the ion at the same frequency as the rf voltage applied to the trap electrodes. Sideband cooling of ions in a Penning trap is examined for the first time. In both cases, cooling to the zero-point energy of the ion in the trap should be possible and a method for verifying this condition is suggested. The implications for high-resolution, high-accuracy spectroscopy are investigated. Under certain conditions, the uncertainty in the second-order Doppler shift may be significantly less than 1 part in ${10}^{18}$. .AE

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Joseph F. Goodwin, G. Stutter, Richard Claude Thompson +1 more

We report the laser cooling of a single $^{40}\text{Ca}^+$ ion in a Penning trap to the motional ground state in one dimension. Cooling is performed in the strong binding limit on the 729-nm electric quadrupole $S_{1/2}\leftrightarrow D_{5/2}$ transition, broadened by a quench laser coupling the $D_{5/2}$ and $P_{3/2}$ levels. We find the final phonon number to be $\bar{n}=0.014\pm0.009$. We measure the heating rate of the trap to be very low with $\dot{\bar{n}}=2.5\pm 0.3\textrm{s}^{-1}$ and a scaled spectral noise density of $\omega S_{E}(\omega)\sim1.6^{-8}\textrm{V}^2\textrm{m}^{-2}\textrm{Hz}^{-1}\textrm{s}^{-1}$, which is consistent with the large ion-electrode distance. We perform Rabi oscillations on the sideband-cooled ion and observe a coherence time of $0.7\pm 0.1\textrm{ms}$, noting that the practical performance is currently limited by the intensity noise of the probe laser.

•Jul 23, 2014•0 citations
We demonstrate efficient resolved sideband laser cooling (99\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi199\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1%99\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi1 ground-state population) of a single 40Ca+{}^{40}{\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}40Ca+ ion in a large linear Paul trap (electrode spacing of 7 mm) operated at an rf drive frequency of just 3.7 MHz. For ion oscillation frequencies in the range 280--585 kHz, heating rates below or about one motional quantum per second have been measured at room temperature. The results, obtained under these unconventional sideband cooling conditions, pave the way for a range of new types of cold ion experiments, including spectroscopy of molecular ions as well as ultracold chemistry.
We demonstrate resolved sideband laser cooling of a single 40Ca+ ion in a macroscopic linear radio frequency trap with a radial diagonal electrode spacing of 7 mm and an rf drive frequency of just 3.7 MHz. For an oscillation frequency of 585 kHz along the rf-field-free axis, a ground state population of 99+-1% has been achieved, corresponding to a temperature of only 6 microkelvin. For several oscillation frequencies in the range 285 - 585 kHz, heating rates below one motional quantum per second have been measured at room temperature. The lowest measured heating power is about an order of magnitude lower than reported previously in room temperature, as well as cryogenically cooled traps.
We report the laser cooling of a single 40Ca+{^{40}\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}40Ca+ ion in a Penning trap to the motional ground state in one dimension. Cooling is performed in the strong binding limit on the 729-nm electric quadrupole ${S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{D}_{5/2}$ transition, broadened by a quench laser coupling the D5/2{D}_{5/2}D5/2​ and P3/2{P}_{3/2}P3/2​ levels. We find the final ground-state occupation to be 98(1)%. We measure the heating rate of the trap to be very low with $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{\overline{n}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.3(2)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for trap frequencies from 150--400 kHz, consistent with the large ion-electrode distance.
We present experimental results on adiabatic cooling of a single 40Ca+ ion in a linear radiofrequency trap. After a period of laser cooling, the secular frequency along the rf-field-free axis is adiabatically lowered by nearly a factor of eight from 583 kHz to 75 kHz. For an ion originally Doppler laser cooled to a temperature of 0.65 +/- 0.03 mK, a temperature of 87 +/- 7 μK is measured after the adiabatic expansion. Applying the same adiabatic cooling procedure to a single sideband cooled ion in the ground state (P0 = 0.978 +/- 0.002) resulted in a final ground state occupation of 0.947 +/- 0.005. Both results are in excellent agreement with an essentially fully adiabatic behavior. The results have a wide range of perspectives within such diverse fields as ion based quantum information science, high resolution molecular ion spectroscopy and ion chemistry at ultra-low temperatures.
Ground state cooling and coherent manipulation of ions in an rf-(Paul) trap is the prerequisite for quantum information experiments with trapped ions. With resolved sideband cooling on the optical S1/2−D5/2 quadrupole transition we have cooled one and two 40Ca+ ions to the ground state of vibration with up to 99.9% probability. With a novel cooling scheme utilizing electromagnetically induced transparency on the S1/2−P1/2 manifold we have achieved simultaneous ground state cooling of two motional sidebands 1.7 MHz apart. Starting from the motional ground state we have demonstrated coherent quantum state manipulation on the S1/2−D5/2 quadrupole transition at 729 nm. Up to 30 Rabi oscillations within 1.4 ms have been observed in the motional ground state and in the n=1 Fock state. In the linear quadrupole rf-trap with 700 kHz trap frequency along the symmetry axis (2 MHz in radial direction) the minimum ion spacing is more than 5 μm for up to 4 ions. We are able to cool two ions to the ground state in the trap and individually address the ions with laser pulses through a special optical addressing channel.
The limitations to the achievement of low kinetic energies for laser cooling of single ions confined in electromagnetic traps are discussed. Sideband cooling of an ion in an rf (Paul) trap is reexamined including the effects of finite laser bandwidth and the energy of the rf micromotion. The micromotion is the oscillatory motion of the ion at the same frequency as the rf voltage applied to the trap electrodes. Sideband cooling of ions in a Penning trap is examined for the first time. In both cases, cooling to the zero-point energy of the ion in the trap should be possible and a method for verifying this condition is suggested. The implications for high-resolution, high-accuracy spectroscopy are investigated. Under certain conditions, the uncertainty in the second-order Doppler shift may be significantly less than 1 part in 1018{10}^{18}1018. .AE
We report the laser cooling of a single 40Ca+^{40}\text{Ca}^+40Ca+ ion in a Penning trap to the motional ground state in one dimension. Cooling is performed in the strong binding limit on the 729-nm electric quadrupole S1/2↔D5/2S_{1/2}\leftrightarrow D_{5/2}S1/2​↔D5/2​ transition, broadened by a quench laser coupling the D5/2D_{5/2}D5/2​ and P3/2P_{3/2}P3/2​ levels. We find the final phonon number to be nˉ=0.014±0.009\bar{n}=0.014\pm0.009nˉ=0.014±0.009. We measure the heating rate of the trap to be very low with nˉ˙=2.5±0.3s−1\dot{\bar{n}}=2.5\pm 0.3\textrm{s}^{-1}nˉ˙=2.5±0.3s−1 and a scaled spectral noise density of ωSE(ω)∼1.6−8V2m−2Hz−1s−1\omega S_{E}(\omega)\sim1.6^{-8}\textrm{V}^2\textrm{m}^{-2}\textrm{Hz}^{-1}\textrm{s}^{-1}ωSE​(ω)∼1.6−8V2m−2Hz−1s−1, which is consistent with the large ion-electrode distance. We perform Rabi oscillations on the sideband-cooled ion and observe a coherence time of 0.7±0.1ms0.7\pm 0.1\textrm{ms}0.7±0.1ms, noting that the practical performance is currently limited by the intensity noise of the probe laser.