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Frontiers in Optics

Transfer of the orbital angular momentum of light to its polarization via classical nonseparability

Seyed Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani, Mohammad Mirhosseini, Omar S. Magaña‐Loaiza, Robert W. Boyd

Published Jan 1, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a protocol that utilizes nonseparability between different degrees of freedom of a beam of light to transfer an arbitrary, and a priori unknown, state of two different OAM modes onto the polarization, in a fashion that is analogous to teleportation using quantum entanglement.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2015.ftu2f.1

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Frontiers in Optics•Jan 1, 2011•1 citation
We present a classical counterpart to quantum teleportation that uses classical entanglement instead of quantum entanglement. In our implementation we take advantage of classical entanglement among three parties: orbital angular momentum (OAM), polarization, and the radial degrees of freedom of a beam of light. We demonstrate the teleportation of arbitrary OAM states, in the subspace spanned by any two OAM states, to the polarization of the same beam. Our letter presents the first classical demonstration of a commonly-perceived--quantum phenomenon that requires entanglement among more than two parties.
Introduction In this chapter, we will be concerned with entangled states of light. Historically, quantum states of light, i.e., photons, have played a dominant role in the experimental study of quantum entanglement. For instance, the first Bell tests and the first realizations of quantum teleportation were performed using two-dimensional polarization-entangled twophoton states [3]. From an experimental point of view these states are readily prepared and manipulated using conventional polarization optics. Recently, however, both theoretical and experimental efforts have shifted towards entanglement in more than two modes , which is often referred to as high-dimensional entanglement. This is much richer than two-dimensional entanglement, as is, for instance, reflected in stronger violations of various measures of nonlocality which reveal the complexity of high-dimensional Hilbert spaces [4–7]. Also, from an applications perspective, it promises a larger channel capacity [8, 9] and improved security for quantum communication [10, 11]. There are several ways to implement high-dimensional two-photon entanglement. One can exploit the temporal [12], frequency [13], or spatial [14–18] degrees of freedom of the optical field. A promising way to implement high-dimensional two-photon entanglement is to use the orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) degree of freedom of light. Light beams that carry OAM have a helical wavefront that spirals around the optical axis during propagation [19]. The winding number m , which characterizes the OAM eigenmodes, can adopt any integer value between −∞ and ∞; since all coaxial OAM modes are orthogonal they can thus span a very high-dimensional Hilbert space.
Based on the formal analogy between classical nonseparability and quantum entanglement, we present a multi-ary encoding protocol exploiting the nonseparability of orbital angular momentum (OAM) and polarization for a hybrid vector beam. Such an encoding can be realized in high-dimensional state space by transforming OAM of the vector beam under the assistance of polarization, which is called "high-dimensional" encoding. It is shown that N-ary encoding using N-dimensional non-separable basis can be obtained by manipulating N/2 different OAM modes, which is equivalent to encoding log2N bits of information. It is also shown that the decoding of vector beams can be realized with very low cross talk. Compared with the encoding protocol transforming OAM modes of scalar beams, our encoding scheme, based on classical nonseparability of vector beams, can encode much more information. This is of great benefit to the optical communication.
Quantum teleportation is a useful quantum information technology to transmit quantum states between different degrees of freedom. Here we report a quantum state transfer experiment in the linear optical system, transferring a single-photon state in the polarization degree of freedom (DoF) to another photon in the orbital angular momentum (OAM) quantum state via a biphoton OAM entangled channel. Our experimental method is based on quantum teleportation technology. The differences between ours and the original teleportation scheme is that the transfer state is known in ours, and our method is for different particles with different DoFs, while the original one is for different particles with the same DoF. In addition, our present experiment is implemented with a high Bell efficiency since each of the four hybrid-entangled Bell states can be discriminated. We use six states of poles of the Bloch sphere to test our experiment, and the fidelity of the quantum state transfer is $91.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3%$.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) of single photons represents a new optical degree of freedom for the entanglement of photons [1,2]. One physical realization of OAM carrying light beams are the so called Laguerre-Gaussian modes of light with the required helical phase structure. One big advantage over the well known polarization degree of freedom is the possibility of realizing entanglement between two photons with very high quantum numbers. However, the creation of photonic OAM entanglement using the widely used spontaneous parametric downconversion process is limited by the strongly reduced efficiency for higher momenta [3]. We have realized a novel method to create entanglement between two photons with a very high difference in their OAM quantum number and momentum respectively. Furthermore we have explored hybrid entanglement of photons in the OAM and polarization degree of freedom.