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Physical Review B

Steering photon statistics in single quantum dots: From one- to two-photon emission

Gordon Callsen, Alexander Carmele, Gerald Hönig, Christian Kindel, J. Brunnmeier, Markus Raphael Wagner, E. Stock, Juan Sebastian Reparaz, A. Schliwa, Stephan Reitzenstein, A. Knorr, A. Hoffmann, Satoshi Kako, Yasuhiko Arakawa

Published Jun 26, 2013• 47 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of two-photon emission from the biexciton cascade in single GaN quantum dots. By changing the biexciton binding energy, pump power, and temperature, the balance between the one- and two-photon decay processes is controlled in this four-level system, which drastically affects the photon statistics of the resulting emission. As the most pronounced feature of this interplay we observe a bunching phenomenon and a transition from sub- to super-Poissonian photon statistics, originating from the complex nature of the biexciton cascade. This work highlights how photon statistics can be steered between one- and two-photon processes towards an increased, bunched two-photon emission probability up to 50 K with the perspective for efficient photon pair generation in the UV spectral range.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.87.245314

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We analyse the population dynamics and the photon emission statistics of a single semiconductor quantum dot with an exciton–biexciton–triexciton multilevel driven by a pulse field, in which the quantum regression theorem and optical Bloch equations are employed. The populations of the three states are comparable under resonant excitation with the input pulse area around 1.5π. Three second-order cross-correlation functions demonstrate the correlated three-photon emissions at a given order from triexciton, biexciton and exciton states driven by single pulses, while the probability of the bunched three-photon cascaded emissions decreases to the minimum as the input pulse area increases to 2π in every period.
Through fluctuations in the local composition, InAsP quantum dots embedded within site-selected InP nanowires are observed to display biexciton binding energies spanning a range between $\ensuremath{-}0.3\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ and +2.9meV+2.9\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}+2.9meV. From this range we select dots having energy-degenerate exciton and biexciton emission and observe an excitation rate-mediated transition from sub- to super-Poissonian second-order correlation statistics. Under pulsed excitation, ${g}^{(2)}(\ensuremath{\tau}=0)$ is found to increase from 0.5 at high excitation levels, rising to 28 as the excitation is reduced by two orders of magnitude. The observed second-order correlation statistics are interpreted using both a stochastic model and a rate equation model of the competition between the various excitonic emission processes. Our results demonstrate that nanowire quantum dots represent a promising approach to the efficient generation of twin-photon states.
Emitters based on semiconductor quantum dots are promising sources for both single photons and pairs of polarization-entangled photons. Typically, single photons are generated through a photon emission event bringing the electronic system from a single-exciton state back to the ground state. In the case of entangled photons two photons are generated through a cascaded emission from the biexciton to either one of the single-exciton states and then back to the ground state. Alternatively, emission of two photons can also be achieved through a higher-order two-photon process bringing the quantum dot directly from the biexciton state (through a virtual intermediate state) back to the ground state. Here we discuss in particular how this two-photon process can lead to certain conceptual advantages in both the generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs and generation of single photons.
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Radiative two-photon cascades from biexcitons in semiconductor quantum dots under resonant two-photon excitation are promising candidates for the generation of photon pairs. In this work, we propose a scheme to obtain two-photon emission that allows us to operate under very intense driving fields. This approach relies on the Purcell enhancement of two-photon virtual transitions between states of the biexciton dressed by the laser. The richness provided by the biexcitonic level structure allows to reach a variety of regimes, from antibunched and bunched photon pairs with polarization orthogonal to the driving field, to polarization entangled two-photon emission. This provides evidence that the general paradigm of two-photon emission from a ladder of dressed states can find interesting, particular implementations in a variety of systems.