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Nonlinear Optics

Time resolved cone emission

R. Shuker, Wojciech Gawlik, Alan C. Gallagher

Published Jan 1, 2002• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The time characteristics of the conical emission that results in the propagation of blue detuned, single mode laser through Sr vapor is presented. This red detuned emission exhibits unexpectedly shorter pulses than the drive laser.
DOI
10.1364/nlo.2002.we9

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There Is an ongoing interest in the conical emission resulting from the passage of a laser light tuned in the vicinity of a resonant atomic transition(1–2). We also have observed such emission in high density sodium vapor in the range of 1015 cm−3, when an intense laser radiation is blue detuned with respect to any of the D lines. This conical emission shell has half angle of a few degrees around the laser axis, is red detuned from the respective D line, is spectrally broad (3A) and is obtained in laser intensity and detunings and sodium vapor density ranges where self-focusing occurs. No symmetric blue shifted component was observed. Harter and Boyd(1) have obtained symmetrical Rabi side-band emission in the forward direction at sodium vapor density of 1014 cm−3.
The use of a cw laser beam detuned from resonance by only a few gigahertz to observe conical emission1 makes the computational problem tractable (2 CRAY CPU hours per spectrum), leading to a simple physical model of this spatio-temporal instability. From the excellent qualitative agreement between computations and experimental observations, one understands the physics of conical emission as follows: self-trapping2 of A1, probe generation by resonance fluorescence, Raman-gain amplification3,4 of this probe which produces A3(ω3), four-wave mixing3 between A1(ω1) and A3(ω3) which generates A4(ω4 = 2ω1 - ω3) and transfers energy back and forth between A3 and A4, division of A4 into A4L and A4R by optical-Stark-shifted absorption, division of A3 into A3L and A3R by four-wave-mixing coupling, and formation of the cone from A4L (and sometimes from the low-energy shoulder of A4R) by propagation through the spatially-dependent index of refraction prepared by A1(x,y,z). We both observe and compute that light A4(ω4) of a particular frequency may appear both in the cone and in the center, ruling out phase matching as the determinant of the cone angle, unlike many other cones, e.g., two-wavelength conical emission.5
We report observations of conical emission from a pulsed laser beam with incident laser power, detuning, and beam diameter matched to a range of single, steady-state filaments. The beam thus propagates with nearly constant diameter through 5 cm of strontium (Sr) vapor. Emission angles $(\ensuremath{\theta})$ are imaged as the height on the input slit of a 1.5 m spectrometer; a charge-coupled device camera in the spectrometer exit plane measures energy as a function of $\ensuremath{\theta}$ and frequency. Data are reported versus laser-pulse energy, diameter and detuning, and the collisional dephasing rate. Spectrally broad, red-detuned cones are observed, but only when the laser beam is predominately self-trapped. As previously observed in experiments where the beam breaks up into multiple filaments, forward emission at the blue-detuned Rabi sideband is much weaker than at the red (cone) sideband. The cone angle is largely independent of the phase velocity of the self-trapped laser beam, which varies from the vapor to the vacuum speed. The efficiency of the cone emission shows incomplete saturation, as well as strong dependence on self-trapped filament parameters.