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Frontiers in Optics

Optically Addressed Quantum Computer in Diamond

Philip Hemmer

Published Jan 1, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Design of a solid-state VLSI-type quantum computer using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond will be described. The advantages are an optical “handle” and the potential for room temperature operation.
DOI
10.1364/ls.2005.lmd5

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We discuss how Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) fabrication techniques can be used to build scalable solid-state quantum computers in diamond with either room temperature operation, or low temperature operation with photonic control. For this discussion we consider nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers where the qubits are electron and/or nuclear spins. To achieve scalability the NV centers are placed in well-defined locations using ion implantation, and are controlled using optical and/or microwave excitation as well as localized static electric and/or magnetic fields.
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Artificial atoms like the nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond enable the realization of fully functional qubits in a solid at room temperature. The functionalities of all the parts needed to create a quantum computer, such as quantum error correction, couplings, quantum teleportation, and a quantum repeater, have already been experimentally demonstrated. These achievements are expected to influence the industrial development of quantum information technology as well as quantum sensing. Whereas quantum sensing has been established and a large number of organizations are working on new developments in this area, a quantum computer itself remains elusive due to technical reasons and limitations of the available materials. For example, only in recent months has it become possible to electrically readout the NV spin state at the level of a single center and significantly improve the scalability of NV center production. A number of ideas have been proposed to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. This paper summarizes the status of research in the area, details the most promising concepts for development, and discusses factors limiting progress as well as the most recent developments in the field.
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The purpose of this project was to develop quantum computing hardware suitable for implementing quantum lattice-gas algorithms, with eventual application to turbulent flow simulations. A number of quantum systems were investigated, including rare-earth dopants in oxide crystals and in II-VI semiconductors. However, in the option year it was decided to concentrate exclusively on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond. Surprising, it was found that NV diamond exhibited the key elements needed to develop few-qubit room-temperature solid-state quantum processing nodes. This included the ability to optically initialize and readout the NV electron spin state, fractional millisecond lifetimes for electron spins, and few-nanosecond electron spin Rabi flops. We also demonstrated the relatively long distance (few nanometer) coupling of a single NV spin to the electron spin of a single substitutional nitrogen (N). To achieve long range optical interconnections and entanglement between nodes, cryogenic cooling will likely still be required to sufficiently narrow the optical absorption lines. To this end we located diamond samples with unusually high purity, and found NV centers in these crystals that exhibited exceptionally narrowband and stable optical lines. We also demonstrated electric field tuning of the optical transition frequency as required for controlling atom-atom and atom-cavity coupling.