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Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan

Optical Bistability and Negative Nonlinear Absorption Effect at 1.5 .MU.m in Highly Er3+-Doped Glasses.

Yoshinobu Maeda, Akio Konishi, Hidekazu Hashima, Hajimu Wakabayashi

Published Jan 1, 2000• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The dependence of the negative nonlinear absorption effect at 1.5μm on the sample temperature, the modulation frequency and the sample length were investigated in glasses containing amounts higher than 20mol% Er3+. Reversed-phase waveforms were observed in the temperature range -260-600°C and at modulation frequencies from 1kHz to 10GHz in an erbium-doped phosphate glass. With increasing temperature, the amplitude of the reversed-phase waveforms decreases exponentially according to two separate steps. Optical bistability in the transmitted laser was observed in the range of incident laser intensity of 30μW/cm2-2.4mW/cm2. The transmitted laser intensity propagating through the glass decreased exponentially according to the well-known exponential law. However, the amplitude of the optical bistability increased logarithmically as the sample length was increased. The negative nonlinear absorption effect can be explained by considering an enhanced absorption model for a four-level system of the Er3+ ion.

DOI
10.2109/jcersj.108.1258_535

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Optical bistability derived from the negative nonlinear absorption effect was investigated in 470 ppm erbium-doped fibers using a 1.5 µm laser diode. Optical bistability was observed in a laser intensity range of 0.3 W/cm2 to 2.5 kW/cm2 at a fiber length of 6 m. The transmitted laser intensity (I out), propagating through the fiber, decreased exponentially in accordance with the well-known exponential law. However, the amplitude of the optical bistability (ΔI out) increased logarithmically as the fiber length was increased. It was clarified that ΔI out was proportional to the product of exp (-L) and log (L) as a function of the fiber length (L). The optical bistability can be explained by considering an enhanced absorption model for a four-level system of the Er3+ ion.
Modulation characteristics of a negative nonlinear absorption effect were investigated in 3 wt % erbium-doped lithium niobate using a 1530 nm laser diode. With a decreasing incident modulation degree, a reversed-phase waveform was obtained in the transmitted laser at modulation degrees smaller than 85% for a sample length of 14 mm. The reversed-phase transmitted waveforms were observed at modulation frequencies from 1 kHz to 10 GHz. The negative nonlinear absorption effect for 1.5 μm can be explained by considering an enhanced absorption model for a four-level system of the Er3+ ion.
The dependence of the negative nonlinear absorption effect on the modulation degree and frequency, the sample temperature, and the erbium concentration was investigated in erbium yttrium aluminum garnet crystals. With a decreasing modulation degree, a reverse-phased wave form was obtained in the transmitted wave form at modulation frequency lower than 1 MHz. However, the transmitted laser wave form was asymmetrical at higher than 5 MHz and the time-dependent characteristics agreed with the lifetime of the S3/24 level in Er3+. At temperatures lower than 77 K, the negative nonlinear absorption effect weakened because the number of phonons decreased due to low temperature. It is considered that the Er3+ concentration dependence for modulation frequency depends on the lifetime of the S3/24 level. It has been confirmed that a mechanism of negative nonlinear absorption can be explained by calculating the rate equations based on an analytical model for a five-level system of the Er3+ ion. Experimental results agreed well with the calculated values. It is suggested that the effect was due to stimulated emission from the S3/24 level to the I3/24 level.
Dependence of the negative nonlinear absorption effect on both modulation frequency and sample temperature was investigated in an erbium yttrium aluminum garnet crystal. The phase of transmitted laser was opposite to that of the incident laser at modulation frequencies lower than 1 MHz. However, the transmitted laser waveform was asymmetrical above 5 MHz and the time-dependence characteristics agreed with the lifetime of the 4S3/2 level in Er3+. At temperatures lower than 25 K, enhanced absorption was weakened because the number of phonons decreased due to low temperature. It is suggested that the negative nonlinear absorption effect occurred due to enhanced absorption in three excited states. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 80(6): 43–48, 1997
An all-optical inverter derived from the negative nonlinear absorption effect was demonstrated in erbium–yttrium aluminum garnet crystals using 1.53 μm laser diode. The effect was obtained at wavelengths of 1532 to 1534 nm in absorption spectra corresponding to the transition from the I15/24 to the I13/24 levels in Er3+ for sample lengths greater than 1.0 mm. The reversed-phase transmitted wave forms were observed at modulation frequencies from 1 kHz to 1 GHz. The negative nonlinear absorption effect can be explained by considering an enhanced absorption model for a four-level system of the Er3+ ion.
Dependence of the negative nonlinear absorption effect on both modulation degree and frequency was investigated in erbium yttrium aluminum garnet crystals. For a modulation frequency of 1 MHz, two peaks, A and B, were observed in the transmitted waveform. With a decreasing modulation degree, peak C which consists of peaks A and B appeared and a reversed-phase waveform was obtained in the transmitted waveform. Peak A decreased as the modulation frequency increased, and peak B was only observed for modulation frequencies above 50 MHz. In the case of a modulation degree under 35%, the transmitted waveform changed to the opposite phase of incident one for modulation frequencies up to 100 MHz. In addition, the negative nonlinear absorption effect was dependent on the product of the composition of erbium and the sample length. It was suggested that the enhanced absorption was due to stimulated emission in three excited states of Er3+.