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Analytical formula of quantum discord for two qubit X states

Naihuan Jing, Bin Yu

Published Apr 1, 2016• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We solve the quantum discord completely as an optimization of certain one variable function for arbitrary two qubit X state. Exact solutions of the quantum discord are obtained for several nontrivial regions of the five parametric space for the quantum state. Exceptional solutions are determined via an iterative algorithm.

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Quantum discord of X-states as optimization of a one variable function

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Abstract We solve the quantum discord completely as an optimization of a certain one variable function for an arbitrary two qubit X state. Exact solutions of the quantum discord are obtained for several nontrivial regions of the five parametric space for the quantum state. Exceptional solutions are determined via an iterative algorithm.

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Quantum discord is a function of density-matrix elements (and through them, e.~g., of temperature, applied fields, time, and so forth). The domain of such a function in the case of two-qubit system with X or centrosymmetric (CS) density matrix can consist at most of three subdomains: two ones, where the quantum discord is expressed in closed analytical forms (Q_0 and Q_{π/2}), and an intermediate subdomain in which for determining the quantum discord Q_θit is required to solve numerically a one-dimensional minimization problem to find the optimal measurement angle θ\in(0,π/2). Exact equations for determining the boundaries between these subdomains are obtained and solved for a number of models. The Q_θsubdomains are discovered in the anisotropic spin dimers in external field. On the other hand, coinciding boundaries and therefore sudden transitions between optimal measurement angles θ=π/2 and θ=0 are observed in dynamics of spin currying particles in closed nanopore and also in phase flip channels. In latter cases the solutions are entirely analytical.
We present a reliable algorithm to evaluate quantum discord for general two-qubit states, amending and extending an approach recently put forward for the subclass of XXX states. A closed expression for the discord of arbitrary states of two qubits cannot be obtained, as the optimization problem for the conditional entropy requires the solution to a pair of transcendental equations in the state parameters. We apply our algorithm to run a numerical comparison between quantum discord and an alternative, computable measure of nonclassical correlations, namely, the geometric discord. We identify the extremally nonclassically correlated two-qubit states according to the (normalized) geometric discord, at a fixed value of the conventional quantum discord. The latter cannot exceed the square root of the former for systems of two qubits.
Quantum discord is a measure of quantum correlation beyond entanglement. Computing quantum discord for simple quantum states is a basic problem. An analytical formula of quantum discord for two-qubit XXX states is first claimed in [Ali, Rau, and Alber, Phys. Rev. A 81, 042105 (2010)], but later found to be not always correct. I observe numerically that the formula is valid with worst-case absolute error 0.0021. For symmetric two-qubit XXX states, I give a counterexample to the analytical formula derived in [F. F. Fanchini et al., Phys. Rev. A 81, 052107 (2010)], but observe that the formula is valid with worst-case absolute error 0.0006. The formula has been used in many research papers. The results in all these works are approximately correct, even if they may not be exactly correct.
We discuss the symmetric quantum discord (SQD) for an arbitrary two-qubit state consisting of subsystems A and B and give the analysis formula of the symmetric quantum discord for the arbitrary two-qubit state. We also give the optimization process of the symmetric quantum discord for some states and obtain the symmetric quantum discord. We compare the quantum discord (QD) with the symmetric quantum discord, and find that the symmetric quantum discord is greater than the quantum discord. We also find that the symmetric quantum discord can be unequal to the quantum discord when the right quantum discord (measure on subsystem B) is equal to the left quantum discord (measure on subsystem A).