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Physical Review A

Emission of orbital-angular-momentum-entangled photon pairs in a nonlinear ring fiber utilizing spontaneous parametric down-conversion

Dalibor Javůrek, Jiŕí Svozilík, Jan Peřina

Published Oct 21, 2014• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We suggest the generation of photon pairs in a thermally induced nonlinear periodically poled silica fiber by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Photons are generated directly in eigenstates of optical angular momentum. Photons in a pair can be entangled in these states as well as in frequencies. We identify suitable spatial and polarization modes giving an efficient nonlinear interaction. By changing the pump field properties both narrow- and broadband down-converted fields can be obtained.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.90.043844

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We suggest the generation of photon pairs in a thermally induced nonlinear periodically poled silica fiber by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Photons are generated directly in eigenstates of optical angular momentum. Photons in a pair can be entangled in these states as well as in frequencies. We identify suitable spatial and polarization modes giving an efficient nonlinear interaction. By changing the pump field properties both narrow- and broadband down-converted fields can be obtained.
We suggest the generation of photon pairs in a thermally induced nonlinear periodically-poled silica fiber by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Photons are generated directly in eigenstates of optical angular momentum. Photons in a pair can be entangled in these states as well as in frequencies. We identify suitable spatial and polarization modes giving an efficient nonlinear interaction. By changing the pump field properties both narrow- and broad-band down-converted fields can be obtained.
We examine the modal, spectral, and polarization entanglement properties of photon pairs generated in a nonlinear periodically poled two-mode waveguide (one-dimensional planar or two-dimensional circular) via nondegenerate spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Any of the possible degrees of freedom---mode number, frequency, or polarization---can be used to distinguish the down-converted photons while the others serve as attributes of entanglement. Distinguishing the down-converted photons based on their mode numbers enables us to efficiently generate spectral or polarization entanglement that is either narrowband or broadband. On the other hand, when the generated photons are distinguished by their frequencies in a type-0 process, modal entanglement turns out to be an efficient alternative to polarization entanglement. Moreover, modal entanglement in type-II down-conversion may be used to generate a doubly entangled state in frequency and polarization.
Entangled photons are generally collected by detection systems that select their certain spatial modes, for example using single-mode optical fibers. We derive simple and easy-to-use expressions that allow us to maximize the coupling efficiency of entangled photons with specific orbital angular momentum (OAM) correlations generated by means of spontaneous parametric downconversion. Two different configurations are considered: one in which the beams with OAM are generated by conversion from beams without OAM, and the second when beams with OAM are generated directly from the nonlinear medium. Also, an example of how to generate a maximally entangled qutrit is presented.
The capacity of optical communication channels can be increased by space division multiplexing in structured optical fibers. Radial core optical fibers allows for the propagation of twisted light–eigenmodes of orbital angular momentum, which have attracted considerable attention for high-dimensional quantum information. Here we study the generation of entangled photons that are tailor-made for coupling into ring core optical fibers. We show that the coupling of photon pairs produced by parametric down-conversion can be increased by close to a factor of three by pumping the non-linear crystal with a perfect vortex mode with orbital angular momentum ℓ, rather than a gaussian mode. Moreover, the two-photon orbital angular momentum spectrum has a nearly constant shape. This provides an interesting scenario for quantum state engineering, as pumping the crystal with a superposition of perfect vortex modes can be used in conjunction with the mode filtering properties of the ring core fiber to produce simple and interesting quantum states.
We experimentally demonstrate the direct generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs in an optical fiber at room temperature by exploiting type-II phase-matched spontaneous parametric down-conversion. A second-order nonlinearity is artificially induced in the 17-cm-long weakly birefringent step-index fiber through the process of thermal poling, and quasi-phase-matching allows for the generation of entangled photons in the 1.5-micron telecom band when the fiber is pumped at 775 nm. A greater-than 80:1 coincidence-to-accidental ratio is achieved, limited mainly by multiphoton pair generation. Without the need to subtract accidentals or to compensate for walk-off, the raw two-photon interference visibility is found to be better than 95%, and violation of Bell's inequality is observed by more than 18 standard deviations. This makes for a truly alignment-free, plug-and-play source of polarization-entangled photon pairs.