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Frontiers in Optics

A Quantum Mask Game: Using Squeezed Light Perform Spatially Resolving Object Detection

James Alexander Clark, Zhifan Zhou, Quentin C. Glorieux, Neil Corzo, Ryan T. Glasser, Alberto M. Marino, Ulrich Vogl, Paul D. Lett

Published Jan 1, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Four-wave-mixing in hot atomic vapor is a versatile tool for spatially multimode squeezed light generation. We experimentally investigate a scheme that exploits multispatial quantum correlations between twin squeezed vacuum beams in order to resolve the shape of a mask partially obstructing one of the beams. Specifically, this is accomplished using twin homodyne detection with matched local oscillators that are dynamically shaped using a spatial light modulator (SLM). We demonstrate that detecting both of the twin beams allows for enhanced spatial resolution of the obstructing mask compared to using a single multispatial mode classical state of light.

DOI
10.1364/fio.2011.fwx5

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Four-wave-mixing in hot atomic vapor is a versatile tool for spatially multimode squeezed light generation. We experimentally investigate a scheme that exploits multispatial quantum correlations between twin squeezed vacuum beams in order to resolve the shape of a mask partially obstructing one of the beams. Specifically, this is accomplished using twin homodyne detection with matched local oscillators that are dynamically shaped using a spatial light modulator (SLM). We demonstrate that detecting both of the twin beams allows for enhanced spatial resolution of the obstructing mask compared to using a single multispatial mode classical state of light.
We show that it is possible to estimate the shape of an object by measuring only the fluctuations of a probing field, allowing us to expose the object to a minimal light intensity. This scheme, based on noise measurements through homodyne detection, is useful in the regime where the number of photons is low enough that direct detection with a photodiode is difficult but high enough such that photon counting is not an option. We generate a few-photon state of multi-spatial-mode vacuum-squeezed twin beams using four-wave mixing and direct one of these twin fields through a binary intensity mask whose shape is to be imaged. Exploiting either the classical fluctuations in a single beam or quantum correlations between the twin beams, we demonstrate that under some conditions quantum correlations can provide an enhancement in sensitivity when estimating the shape of the object.
Squeezed states of light, i.e., quantum states exhibiting reduced noise statistics, may be used to greatly enhance the sensitivity of light-based measurements. We study a squeezed vacuum field generated in hot Rb vapor via the polarization self-rotation effect. By propagating a strong pump beam through an atomic vapor cell, we were able to achieve a noise suppression of 2.7 dB below shot noise. Our previous work revealed that this amount of noise suppression may be limited by the excitement of higher order modes in the squeezed field during the atom-light interaction. Once incident on the homodyne detection scheme, these higher order modes may induce an imperfect mode match between the squeezed field and the local oscillator (LO). In this work, we used a liquid-crystal-based spatial light modulator to modify the spatial mode structure of the pump and LO beams. We demonstrate that optimization of the spatial modes can lead to higher detected noise suppression.
Extensive attention has been drawn in generating multimode quantum states in recent years. Many efforts have been made during the last decade to produce such states. In this paper, we have experimentally demonstrated a scheme for generating a multi-spatial-mode quantum light source by a non-degenerated four-wave mixing process with a conical pump and a conical probe in a hot atomic vapor cell. The degree of the intensity-difference squeezing between the generated twin beams is about −4.1 dB. Due to the similar conical shape of the concentric quantum correlated beams, both the amplified probe and the generated conjugate beams can be decomposed into many angular modes. We have also experimentally verified the multi-spatial-mode nature of the generated quantum correlation by comparing the noise levels' variation tendencies of global attenuation and local cutting attenuations. In addition, we have also found the optimal values of each parameter in this scheme for further applications. Due to our scheme's advantages such as compactness, phase-insensitivity, and easy scalability, we have already shown a promising candidate for generating multi-spatial-mode quantum states, which may find potential applications in quantum metrology and quantum imaging, such as quantum-enhanced superresolution and the generation of multiple quantum correlated images.
Squeezed states of light, with field fluctuations smaller than the coherent state fluctuations (or shot noise), are used for improving accuracy of quantum-noise limited measurements, like the detection of gravitational waves. They are also essential resources for quantum information transfer protocols. We studied a squeezed vacuum field generated in hot Rb vapor via the polarization self-rotation effect. We studied the mode structure of the squeezed field by spatially-masking the laser beam after its interaction with the Rb atomic vapor. From analysis of the data we developed a multi-mode theory to simulate the mode composition of the squeezed vacuum field. Our experiments showed that the amount of observed squeezing may be limited by the complex mode structure due to the excitement of higher order spatial modes during the nonlinear atom-light interaction. We demonstrated that optimization of the spatial profile of the beam led to higher detected squeezing. Our studies are useful for enhancing precision metrology and quantum memory applications.
Noise suppression across multiple spatial modes of a light field would serve to improve the field's imaging capabilities and allow it to act as a more effective carrier \nof quantum information. This thesis describes a scheme that utilises a nonlinear process (four wave mixing (4WM)) in Rubidium 85 in order to generate a single beam of \nlight that demonstrates sub quantum noise limit (QNL) quadrature fluctuations of up to -4dB across a multitude of spatial modes simultaneously. \n \nIncluded is a description of sub-QNL (squeezed) light, followed by a breakdown of how this 4WM arrangement generates the desired quantum noise suppression. Analysis \nhas been performed that displays explicitly how the phase matching arrangement that maximises the noise suppression differs from that which optimises the efficiency of the process. This consideration is crucial to understanding why the setup achieves the levels of squeezing observed despite the presence of a strong absorption feature. \n \nFinally, the multi-spatial-mode nature of the generated squeezing is observed directly via homodyne detection using local oscillators with a range of transverse profiles. These profiles select the mode of the signal to be analysed and as such the ability to detect squeezing using a range of them demonstrates its presence across all of these modes simultaneously.