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Physical Review A

Guided resonance fluorescence of a single emitter after pulsed excitation

Kazuki Koshino, Takao Aoki

Published Feb 11, 2014• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We theoretically investigated a microtoroidal cavity quantum electrodynamics system in which radiation from the emitter is nearly perfectly guided into a fiber mode, and analyzed the resonance fluorescence from the emitter after pulsed excitation. We derived analytic formulas to rigorously evaluate the photon statistics of the pulse emitted into the fiber, and clarified the conditions needed for the excitation pulse to generate single- and two-photon pulses.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.89.023814

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We theoretically investigated a microtoroidal cavity quantum electrodynamics system in which radiation from the emitter is nearly perfectly guided into a fiber mode, and analyzed the resonance fluorescence from the emitter after pulsed excitation. We derived analytic formulas to rigorously evaluate the photon statistics of the pulse emitted into the fiber, and clarified the conditions needed for the excitation pulse to generate single- and two-photon pulses.
We theoretically investigated single-photon generation by using a cavity QED system composed of a quantum dot, a toroidal cavity and a tapered fiber. Assuming that the excitation pulse has an exponential temporal profile, we derived formulas to calculate the photon statistics of the emitted pulse in the fiber. It is shown that the present system functions as an ideal single-photon source under practical parameters of toroidal cavity QED, by applying to the dot a π-pulse whose length is less than the radiative lifetime of the dot.
We report on the observation of bright emission of single photons under pulsed resonance fluorescence conditions from a single quantum dot (QD) in a micropillar cavity. The brightness of the QD fluorescence is greatly enhanced via the coupling to the fundamental mode of a micropillar, allowing us to determine a single photon extraction efficiency of (20.7 ± 0.8) % per linear polarization basis. This yields an overall extraction efficiency of (41.4 ± 1.5) % in our device. We observe the first Rabi-oscillation in a weakly coupled quantum dot-micropillar system under coherent pulsed optical excitation, which enables us to deterministically populate the excited QD state. In this configuration, we probe the single photon statistics of the device yielding g(2)(0) = 0.072 ± 0.011 at a QD-cavity detuning of 75 μeV.
Next-generation information technology is expected to rely on discrete two-state quantum systems that can deterministically emit single photons. Quantum dots are mesoscopic (~10,000 atoms large) semiconductor islands grown in a host crystal of larger band-gap that make well-defined two-level quantum systems and are very attractive due to stability, record coherence times, and the possibility of integrating them into larger structures, such as optical microcavities. This work presents experimental progress towards understanding the coherent optical processes that occur in single quantum dots, particularly such phenomena that might be one day utilized for quantum communication applications. High resolution low temperature optical spectroscopy is used in conjunction with first order (amplitude) and second-order (intensity) correlation measurements of the emitted field. A novel technique is introduced that is capable of harvesting the fluorescence of single dots at the same frequency as the laser, previously impossible due to insurmountable scattering. This technique enables the observation, for the first time, of single quantum dot resonance fluorescence, in both the weak and strong excitation regimes, which forms the basis for deterministic generation of single photons. Guided by the rich theoretical description available from quantum optics with atoms we obtain insight into the complex dynamics of this driven system. Quantum dots confined to novel optical microcavities were further investigated using micro photoluminescence. An optical microcavity properly coupled to a two-level system can profoundly modify its emission characteristics via quantum electrodynamical effects, which are highly attractive for single photon sources. The all-epitaxial structures we probe are distinguished by a bulk morphology that overcomes the fragility problems of existing approaches, and provides high quality factors as well as small mode volumes. Lasing is obtained with larger strucutres. Additionally, isolation of individual dots is further realized in smaller cavities and the Purcell effect observed in time-resolved photon counting experiments.
We analyze the quantum dynamics of a two-level emitter in a resonant microcavity with optical feedback provided by a distant mirror (i.e., a half-cavity) with a focus on stabilizing the emitter-microcavity subsystem. Our treatment is fully carried out in the framework of cavity quantum electrodynamics. Specifically, we focus on the dynamics of a perturbed dark state of the emitter to ascertain its stability (existence of time oscillatory solutions around the candidate state) or lack thereof. In particular, we find conditions under which multiple feedback modes of the half cavity contribute to the stability, showing certain analogies with the Lang-Kobayashi equations, which describe a laser diode subject to classical optical feedback.
The coherent interaction between a two-level system and electromagnetic fields serves as a foundation for fundamental quantum physics and modern photonic quantum technology. A profound example is resonance fluorescence, where the non-classical photon emission appears in the form of a Mollow-triplet when a two-level system is continuously driven by a resonant laser. Pushing resonance fluorescence from a static to dynamic regime by using short optical pulses generates on-demand emissions of highly coherent single photons. Further increasing the driving strength in the dynamical regime enables the pursuit of exotic non-classical light emission in photon number superposition, photon number entanglement, and photon bundle states. However, the long-sought-after spectrum beyond the Mollow-triplet, a characteristic of dynamic resonance fluorescence under strong driving strength, has not been observed yet. Here we report the direct observation and systematic investigations of dynamic resonance fluorescence spectra beyond the Mollow-triplet in a solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamic system. The dynamic resonance fluorescence spectra with up to five pairs of side peaks, excitation detuning induced spectral asymmetry, and cavity filtering effect are observed and quantitatively modeled by a full quantum model with phonon scattering included. Time-resolved measurements further reveal that the multiple side peaks originate from interference of the emission associated with different temporal positions of the excitation pulses. Our work facilitates the generation of a variety of exotic quantum states of light with dynamic driving of two-level systems.