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Journal of Intelligent Systems

Properties of Conscious Systems and Teleology: A Cellular Automaton Perspective

Philip VAN LOOCKE

Published Dec 1, 1999• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The first part of this paper introduces a cellular automaton with properties that are often encountered in discussions on the relevance of quantum theory for consciousness.The automaton generates forms by a sequence of collapses of an amplitude function.The amplitudes can be complemented by a complex phase factor to generate effects of interference.The collapse of the amplitude function can be random, or it can be orchestrated in a number of different ways.How an interaction between the lowest cellular level and a higher level can take place is explained.Further, angular variables can be introduced that allow to visualize Bell-correlations and classical correlations between pairs of cells.How the present automaton can be adapted to generate a teleological dynamics is noted.The second part of the paper shows how the basic principles of the automaton, together with the teleological principle, can be adapted to result in a training method for connectionist systems that differs profoundly from the classical backpropagation algorithm.For the function estimation example that is considered, the results of the present teleological method are slightly better than the results obtained by backpropagation.

DOI
10.1515/jisys.1999.9.5-6.443

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The first part of this paper introduces a cellular automaton with properties that are often encountered in discussions on the relevance of quantum theory for consciousness.The automaton generates forms by a sequence of collapses of an amplitude function.The amplitudes can be complemented by a complex phase factor to generate effects of interference.The collapse of the amplitude function can be random, or it can be orchestrated in a number of different ways.How an interaction between the lowest cellular level and a higher level can take place is explained.Further, angular variables can be introduced that allow to visualize Bell-correlations and classical correlations between pairs of cells.How the present automaton can be adapted to generate a teleological dynamics is noted.The second part of the paper shows how the basic principles of the automaton, together with the teleological principle, can be adapted to result in a training method for connectionist systems that differs profoundly from the classical backpropagation algorithm.For the function estimation example that is considered, the results of the present teleological method are slightly better than the results obtained by backpropagation.
A cellular automaton that includes some principles from quantum theory is considered. The automaton generates forms of an aesthetic nature. At every time step, a form grows with a single cell. This cell is selected with a selection probability that is determined by an amplitude. If the algorithm is run with selection of the cell of maximal amplitude at every time step, a type of form results that is called'platonic'. Such forms typically have higher aesthetic complexity than their non-platonic counterparts. The case of selection probabilities determined by squares of amplitudes has a strong analogy with quantum theory. This analogy is elaborated by consideration of forms that have mutual correlations. These correlations can be of a classical nature, of a quantum mechanical type, or of a type that is termed'super-correlation'.
Take a cellular automaton, consider that each configuration is a basis vector in some vector space, and linearize the global evolution function. If lucky, the r esult could actually make sense physically, as a valid quantum evolution; but do es it make sense as a quantum cellular automaton? That is the main question we a ddress in this paper. In every model with discrete time and space, two things ar e required in order to qualify as a cellular automaton: invariance by translatio n and locality. We prove that this locality condition is so restrictive in the q uantum case that every quantum cellular automaton constructed in this way - i. e., by linearization of a classical one - must be reversible. We also discuss some subtleties about the extent of nonlocality that can be encountered in the o ne-dimensional case; we show that, even when the quantized version is non local, still, under some conditions, we may be unable to use this nonlocality to trans mit information nonlocally.
When investigating theories at the tiniest conceivable scales in nature, quantum logic is taking over from logic in the minds of almost all researchers today. Dissatisfied, the author investigated how one can look at things differently. This report is an overview of older material, but also contains many new observations and calculations. Quantum mechanics is looked upon as a tool, not as a theory. Examples are displayed of models that are classical in essence, but can be analysed by the use of quantum techniques, and we argue that even the Standard Model, together with gravitational interactions, may be viewed as a quantum mechanical approach to analyse a system that could be classical at its core. We then explain how these apparently heretic thoughts can be reconciled with Bell's theorem and the usual objections voiced against the notion of 'super determinism'. Our proposal would eradicate the collapse problem and the measurement problem.
Every process of our universe is based on the fundamental elements of nature: information and computation.The basic motivation behind the study of quantum cellular automata (QCA) is the wish to analyze the processes of nature.QCA provide a natural framework within which to describe many classically undescribable and uncomputable physical phenomena, such as the properties of quantum physical systems and the complex background of quantum dynamics.Quantum cellular automata models are based on the working mechanism of classical cellular automata models and use the power of reversible quantum computation.Cellular automata can be used in many fields of science, such as parallel computation, artificial intelligence, image processing, biological systems, simulation of physics systems, hardware design, algorithm theory, and many more.In the first part of this chapter, we give a brief overview of the basic properties of quantum information processing and analyze the quantum versions of classical cellular automata models.We present all materials in a clear, perspicuous, and comprehensible manner, without using a complex mathematical background.After reviewing physical QCA implementations, we sketch future directions, and then conclude the first part.In the second part of the chapter, we examine one possible application of QCA, which uses quantum computing to realize real-life based, truly random network organization.This abstract machine is called a Quantum Cellular Machine (QCM), and we design it for controlling a truly random biologically-inspired network, and to integrate quantum learning algorithms and quantum searching into a controlled, self-organizing system.The selforganizing processes in classical systems cannot be truly random.Using our quantum probabilistic QCM unit, we can add truly random behavior to the self-organizing processes of biological networks.A quantum mechanical-based quantum cellular machine (QCM) controls the self-organizing processes of the network and uses a closed, non-classical quantum mechanical-based language inside the QCM.The proposed QCM solution has deep relevance in the evolution of truly random quantum probabilistic self-organizing network structures.The QCM controls the evolution of the system, changes its environment and creates plans without any human interaction, using truly random quantum probabilistic decisions.In a classical system, the classical circuits can only exhibit deterministic behavior.In a quantum probabilistic control system, the quantum circuits can follow both deterministic and quantum probabilistic quantum cellular machine control behaviors.The QCM has classical and quantum communication layers, it uses the classical layer to detect www.intechopen.comCellular Automata -Innovative Modelling for Science and Engineering 114 the network environment.The lower layer of the quantum cellular machine contains the non-deterministic quantum probabilistic decisions and interacts with the classical level.The quantum cellular machine model with the power of quantum computing can be used for the development of a real-life based network organism.We show, that a real, biologically inspired, non-deterministic, truly random network model can be achieved by the discussed QCM model.In the third part of this chapter, we show that a very efficient quantum searching algorithm can be integrated into the QCM, to find the best solution to a given network input command.We present a quantum searching based method specially designed for quantum probabilistic self-organizing networks, to reduce the complexity of the classical traditional search in the network.The proposed QCM can process both quantum and classical information, and accomplish both deterministic and quantum probabilistic tasks.The information unit is a quantum bit, which can lie in a coherent superposition state of logical states zero and one, and can thus simultaneously store zero and one.Using quantum bits, we can speed up the solutions of classical problems, and even solve some hard problems that classical computers can't solve.The key aspect behind the optimal decisions of a QCM is to design a high-efficiency searching algorithm.A QCM updates the probability amplitudes of its quantum register, according to a given reward value, derived from the network environment.The QCM repeatedly applies a unitary transformation to the quantum states, thus it can enhance, for example, the probability amplitude of the optimal path in the self-organizing network environment, while suppressing the amplitude of all other solutions.The QCM's quantum searching algorithm can help resolve many hard tasks, for example it could be applied to find an optimal logical path, using the effects of quantum mechanics.In the numerical analysis we will show that the quantum communication layer could improve the performance of classical systems.
When investigating theories at the tiniest conceivable scales in nature, almost all researchers today revert to the quantum language, accepting the verdict from the Copenhagen doctrine that the only way to describe what is going on will always involve states in Hilbert space, controlled by operator equations. Returning to classical, that is, non quantum mechanical, descriptions will be forever impossible, unless one accepts some extremely contrived theoretical constructions that may or may not reproduce the quantum mechanical phenomena observed in experiments. Dissatisfied, this author investigated how one can look at things differently. This book is an overview of older material, but also contains many new observations and calculations. Quantum mechanics is looked upon as a tool, not as a theory. Examples are displayed of models that are classical in essence, but can be analysed by the use of quantum techniques, and we argue that even the Standard Model, together with gravitational interactions, might be viewed as a quantum mechanical approach to analyse a system that could be classical at its core. We explain how such thoughts can conceivably be reconciled with Bell's theorem, and how the usual objections voiced against the notion of `superdeterminism' can be overcome, at least in principle. Our proposal would eradicate the collapse problem and the measurement problem. Even the existence of an "arrow of time" can perhaps be explained in a more elegant way than usual. Discussions added in v3: the role of the gravitational force, a mathematical physics definition of free will, and an unconventional view on the arrow of time, amongst others.