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The Rochester Conferences on Coherence and Quantum Optics and the Quantum Information and Measurement meeting

Quantum Networks with Atoms, Phonons, and Photons

Christopher R. Monroe

Published Jan 1, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Trapped atomic ions are the most advanced experimental platform for many-body entanglement and quantum information processing. Recent results in local entanglement between trapped ions for uses in quantum simulation of nontrivial spin models will be discussed, as well as the use of probabilistic photonic connections for the generation of larger quantum networks and the propagation of entanglement over large distance.

DOI
10.1364/qim.2013.th2a.2

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•Jan 1, 2012•2 citations
Trapped atomic ions are the most advanced experimental platform for many-body entanglement and quantum information processing. Recent results in local entanglement between trapped ions for uses in quantum simulation of nontrivial spin models will be discussed, as well as the use of probabilistic photonic connections for the generation of larger quantum networks and the propagation of entanglement over large distance.
Trapped atomic ions are standards for quantum information processing, as all of the fundamental quantum operations have been demonstrated in small collections of atoms. Current work is concentrated on scaling ion traps to larger numbers of interacting qubits and the generation of massive entangled states. We discuss progress in the quantum networking of trapped atomic ions, using the Coulomb interaction for demonstrations of simple quantum simulations of magnetism, ultrafast laser pulses for entanglement, and finally probabilistic photonic interactions to bridge entanglement over long distances. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
Trapped atomic ions are standards for quantum information processing, as all of the fundamental quantum operations have been demonstrated in small collections of atoms. Current work is concentrated on scaling ion traps to larger numbers of interacting qubits and the generation of massive entangled states. We discuss progress in the quantum networking of trapped atomic ions, using the Coulomb interaction for demonstrations of simple quantum simulations of magnetism, ultrafast laser pulses for entanglement, and finally probabilistic photonic interactions to bridge entanglement over long distances. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
Quantum computation and communication exploit the quantum properties of superposition and entanglement in order to perform tasks that may be impossible using classical means. In this Colloquium recent experimental and theoretical progress in the generation of entangled quantum networks based on the use of optical photons as carriers of information between fixed trapped atomic ion quantum memories are reviewed. Taken together, these quantum platforms offer a promising vision for the realization of a large-scale quantum network that could impact the future of communication and computation.
Laser-cooled atomic ions are standards for quantum information science, acting as qubit memories with unsurpassed levels of quantum coherence while also allowing near-perfect measurement. When qubit state-dependent optical dipole forces are applied to a collection of trapped ions, their Coulomb interaction is modulated in a way that allows the entanglement of the qubits through quantum gates that form the basis of a quantum computer. Similar optical forces allow the simulation of quantum many-body physics, where recent experiments are approaching a level of complexity that cannot be modelled with conventional computers. Scaling to much larger numbers of qubits can be accomplished by coupling trapped ion qubits through optical photons, where entanglement over remote distances can be used for quantum communication and large-scale distributed quantum computers. Laser sources and quantum optical techniques are the workhorse for such quantum networks, and will continue to lead the way as future quantum hardware is developed.
Direct experimental access to some of the most intriguing quantum phenomena is not granted due to the lack of precise control of the relevant parameters in their naturally intricate environment. Their simulation on conventional computers is impossible, since quantum behaviour arising with superposition states or entanglement is not efficiently translatable into the classical language. However, one could gain deeper insight into complex quantum dynamics by experimentally simulating the quantum behaviour of interest in another quantum system, where the relevant parameters and interactions can be controlled and robust effects detected sufficiently well. Systems of trapped ions provide unique control of both the internal (electronic) and external (motional) degrees of freedom. The mutual Coulomb interaction between the ions allows for large interaction strengths at comparatively large mutual ion distances enabling individual control and readout. Systems of trapped ions therefore exhibit a prominent system in several physical disciplines, for example, quantum information processing or metrology. Here, we will give an overview of different trapping techniques of ions as well as implementations for coherent manipulation of their quantum states and discuss the related theoretical basics. We then report on the experimental and theoretical progress in simulating quantum many-body physics with trapped ions and present current approaches for scaling up to more ions and more-dimensional systems.
The scaling of controlled quantum systems to large numbers of degrees of freedom is one of the long term goals of experimental quantum information science. Trapped-ion systems are one of the most promising platforms for building a quantum information processor with enough complexity to enable novel computational power, but face serious challenges in scaling up to the necessary numbers of qubits. In this thesis, I present both technical and operational advancements in the control of trapped-ion systems and their juxtaposition with photonic modes used for quantum networking. After reviewing the basic physics behind ion trapping, I then describe in detail a new method of implementing Raman transitions in atomic systems using optical frequency combs. Several dierent experimental setups along with simple theoretical models are reviewed and the system is shown to be capable of full control of the qubit-oscillator system. Two-ion entangling operations using optical frequency combs are demonstrated along with an extension of the operation designed to suppress certain experimental errors. I then give an overview of how spatially separated ions can be entangled using a photonic interconnect. Experimental results show that pulsed excitation of trapped ions provide an excellent single photon source that can be used as a heralded entangling gate between macroscopically separated systems. This heralded entangling gate is used to show a violation of a Bell inequality while keeping the detection loophole closed and can be used a source private random numbers. Finally, the coherent Coulomb force-based gates are combined with the probabilistic photon-based gates in a proof of concept experiment that shows the feasibility of a distributed ion-photon network.