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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Squeezing of free Bose fields

Wojtek Sl owikowski, Klaus Mølmer

Published Sep 1, 1990• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The relevant structure of a Bose Fock space using the notion of free commutative algebra with unit element and with a scalar product is incorporated. The squeezed states are then the exponentials of quadratic forms and can be written in the normal form of a general squeeze group. The connection of this group to polarization of the initial Hilbert space is established and its infinitesimal generator is computed. In this way, a common denominator for a series of papers is provided in the topic of light squeezing and last but not least a mathematical formalism is provided that may prove convenient in the general treatment of quantum optics.

DOI
10.1063/1.528640

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The relevant structure of a Bose Fock space using the notion of free commutative algebra with unit element and with a scalar product is incorporated. The squeezed states are then the exponentials of quadratic forms and can be written in the normal form of a general squeeze group. The connection of this group to polarization of the initial Hilbert space is established and its infinitesimal generator is computed. In this way, a common denominator for a series of papers is provided in the topic of light squeezing and last but not least a mathematical formalism is provided that may prove convenient in the general treatment of quantum optics.
This paper falls within the first phase of the Fock quadratic quantization program, where we define the appropriate framework for the program, namely the quadratic Fock space. During this phase, our goal is to synthesize foundational results and standardize notations in alignment with those employed in the series of papers focusing on the one-mode case (J Math Anal App 439(1): 135-153, 2016). The primary focus of this paper is on the inner product of quadratic exponential vectors. We begin by revisiting the expression for the inner product of two one-mode quadratic exponential vectors as established in a previous work (J Math Anal App 439(1): 135-153, 2016). We then extend this result to a more general scenario, specifically the continuous form of quadratic exponential vectors. Although the result is known, our exposition deviates from the one outlined in (J Math Phys 51:2, 2010). Specifically, we offer several modifications. Our contribution entails introducing a distinct approach customized for the one-mode scenario, along with providing a reference that consolidates the fundamental findings related to this topic.
The noise (variance squared) of a component of the electromagnetic field - considered as a quantum oscillator - in the vacuum is equal to one half, in appropriate units (taking Planck's constant and the mass and frequency of the oscillator all equal to 1). A practical definition of a squeezed state is one for which the noise is less than the vacuum value - and the amount of squeezing is determined by the appropriate ratio. Thus the usual coherent (Glauber) states are not squeezed, as they produce the same variance as the vacuum. However, it is not difficult to define states analogous to coherent states which do have this noise-reducing effect. In fact, they are coherent states in the more general group sense but with respect to groups other than the Heisenberg-Weyl Group which defines the Glauber states. The original, conventional squeezed state in quantum optics is that associated with the group SU(1,1). Just as the annihilation operator a of a single photon mode (and its hermitian conjugate a, the creation operator) generates the Heisenberg Weyl algebra, so the pair-photon operator a(sup 2) and its conjugate generates the algebra of the group SU(1,1). Another viewpoint, more productive from the calculational stance, is to note that the automorphism group of the Heisenberg-Weyl algebra is SU(1,1). Needless to say, each of these viewpoints generalizes differently to the quantum group context. Both are discussed. The following topics are addressed: conventional coherent and squeezed states; eigenstate definitions; exponential definitions; algebra (group) definitions; automorphism group definition; example: signal-to-noise ratio; q-coherent and q-squeezed states; M and P q-bosons; eigenstate definitions; exponential definitions; algebra (q-group) definitions; and automorphism q-group definition.
A general definition of squeezed states is proposed and its main features are illustrated through a discussion of the standard optical coherent states represented by 'Gaussian pure states'. The set-up involves representations of groups on Hilbert spaces over homogeneous spaces of the group, and relies on the construction of a square integrable (coherent state) group representation modulo a subgroup. This construction depends upon a choice of a Borel section which has a certain permissible arbitrariness in its selection; this freedom is attributable to a squeezing of the defining coherent states of the representation, and corresponds in this way to a sort of gauging.
It is possible that a complete physical theory can be written entirely in terms of operators such as current densities, rather than in terms of field operators. The current densities in these models correspond in general to distributions of unbounded operators. Such a theory is reviewed for the case of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. It is found that one can exponentiate the current algebra to obtain a group, which may then be represented by unitary (hence bounded) operators in Hilbert space. This procedure is analogous to exponentiating the canonical commutation relations and obtaining the Weyl group. For nonrelativistic quantum mechanics without spin, the group is the semidirect product J∧K Schwartz space J(R3) with a group K of certain C∞ diffeomorphisms from R3 onto itself. For f ∈ J and φ ∈ K, the composition mapping (f,φ)→f∘φ defines the semidirect product law. The Gel'fand-Vilenkin formalism for ``nuclear Lie groups'' is suitable for the representation theory of such a group. Almost all of the physical information is contained in a cylindrical measure μ on J′, the dual of the nuclear space J. The Fourier transform of μ can be interpreted as an expectation functional with respect to the state of lowest energy. The nonrelativistic Fock representation (including the theory of n particles in a box) is examined in this formalism. Conditions on μ are systematically developed which suffice to recover all of the infinitesimal generators on a common, dense, invariant domain in the Hilbert space. For the Weyl group slightly weaker conditions than for the semidirect product case would suffice. Gaussian measures in J′, as well as the measures defining n-particle representations of J ∧K, satisfy these conditions.