Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Review A

An experimental determination of gJ(He4, 2S13)gJ(H1, 1S122)

George M. Keiser, H. G. Robinson, C. E. Johnson

Published Sep 1, 1977• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The ratio of the ${g}_{J}$ factor of $^{4}\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S_{1})$ to that of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}(5^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})$ has been measured to a fractional accuracy of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$. The Rb atoms were optically pumped, and the $^{4}\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S_{1})$ Zeeman resonance was observed through a combination of spin-exchange collisions and spin-dependent Penning ionization. Linewidths as narrow as 220 Hz were observed for the $^{4}\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S_{1})$ Zeeman resonance. The accuracy of this experiment was limited by a systematic shift in the He ${g}_{J}$ factor that depended upon the intensity of the discharge used to excite the He atoms to the $2^{3}S_{1}$ state. Calculations indicate that transfer of coherence in spin-exchange collisions with free electrons contributes to this shift. The measured ratio $\frac{{g}_{J}(^{4}\mathrm{He}, 2^{3}S_{1})}{{g}_{J}(^{87}\mathrm{Rb}, 5^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})}=1\ensuremath{-}46.798(50)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. Using the previously measured ratio of the ${g}_{J}$ factors of the ground state of rubidium to the ground state of hydrogen, we determine the ratio $\frac{{g}_{J}(^{4}\mathrm{He}, 2^{3}S_{1})}{{g}_{J}(^{1}\mathrm{H}, 1^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})}=1\ensuremath{-}23.214(50)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. This result agrees with recent theoretical calculations and experimental determinations using atomic-beam techniques, but disagrees with an earlier experimental determination using optical-pumping techniques.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.16.822

Related papers

Determination of gJ(He4, 2S13)gJ(H1, 1S122) : Resolution of a Discrepancy

George M. Keiser, H. G. Robinson, C. E. Johnson

A new measurement of the ${g}_{J}$ factor in the $2^{3}S_{1}$ metastable state of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ has been made using an optical-pumping technique. Our result is $\frac{{g}_{J}(^{4}\mathrm{He}, 2^{3}S_{1})}{{g}_{J}(^{1}\mathrm{H}, 1^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})}=1\ensuremath{-}23.15(10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. This value agrees with theory and provides confirmation of a recent atomic-beam measurement. Further doubt is cast on an earlier optical-pumping determination, thereby resolving a possible discrepancy between theory and experiment.

Physical Review Letters•Nov 3, 1975•14 citations

Transfer of Precessing Spin Polarizations between Different Kinds of Atoms with Sameg-Factor

Taro Ito, Noboru Shimomura, T. Yabuzaki

In spin-related fundamental researches, there have been considerable interests in the transfer of microscopic orders between magnetic sublevels of different kinds of atoms. As for gaseous atomic systems, collisional transfer of spin polarization from optically pumped atoms A to atoms B is attained through spin exchange collisions. So far many experiments have been reported on the transfer of longitudinal spin polarization created along a static magnetic field. Transfer of coherence, on the other hand,is possible only when the energy matching condition j!A !Bj < is satisfied, where !A and !B are the Larmor frequencies of atoms A and B, and the line width. This is the reason why transfer of spin polarization precessing around the static magnetic field has not been observed except for a few experiments; The coherence transfer has been observed in the experiments where the atoms are subjected to properly chosen rf magnetic fields. Recently, it has been reported that coherence transfer between different kinds of atoms is possible by using the light field which transversely pumps only one kind of atoms under properly chosen experimetal conditions. It has also been pointed out that, as for the system of Rb and K atoms, which happen to have the same gyro-magnetic ratio, the peculier distortion of the magnetic resonance signal line shapes observed in the collisionally pumped atoms can be explained by the spin exchange coupling between the resonant Rb and K atoms. It is suggested that the precessing spin polarization in Rb can be transferred to K atoms or vice versa, since their Zeeman splittings become equal in the hyperfine multiplets jF 1⁄4 1i and jF 1⁄4 2i of the ground state 2S1=2 with the same gyromagnetic ratio 1⁄4 2 700 kHz/G. The experimental apparatus of the present experiment is shematically shown in Fig. 1. In addition to a droplet of natural rubidium and potassium, the sample cell contains 50mbar Ar as a buffer gas. It is subjected to a static magnetic field of H0 1⁄4 0:786G along the z axis and irradiated transversely to the field by a light beam from a GaAlAs laser A (output power = 10mW, beam diameter = 1mm). It is left-handed circularly polarized and tuned to the Rb absorption lines (S1=2, F 1⁄4 1 ! P1=2, F 1⁄4 1 and 2) which are not resolved owing to the Doppler broadening. The intensity of the laser A is modulated by an AOM (acousto-optic-modulator) at the Larmor frequency !A 1⁄4 2 550 (1⁄4 700 0:786) kHz of Rb in a rectangular shape pulse. As mentioned above the precessing spin polarization in Rb can be transferred to K. The precessing spin polarization of Rb and that of K are detected from the Faraday rotations of the beams of probe lasers B ( 1⁄4 794 nm, output power = 3mW, beam diameter = 2mm) and C ( 1⁄4 769 nm, output power = 3mW, beam diameter = 2mm), respectively. The frequency of laser B is chosen to be a few GHz higher than the Rb absorption lines (S1=2, F 1⁄4 1 ! P1=2, F 1⁄4 1 and 2) to prevent the detection beam from destroying the polarization. Similarly, the frequency of laser C is chosen to be a few GHz higher than the K absorption lines (S1=2, F 1⁄4 1 and 2 ! P1=2, F 1⁄4 1 and 2) which are not resolved owing to the Doppler broadening. They are linearly polarized and counter-propagated against the pumping beam,making angles of about 1 to the pumping beam. In each case the transmitted light beam of probe laser passes through the analyzer which makes an angle 45 to the polarization of the incident beam,and then it is detected by a pin-photo diode. The signals are electronically averaged over a few hundred cycles. Figure 2(a) shows the typical examples of signals on the magnetizations M x and M B x of Rb and K, respectively, Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimetal apparatus. AOM, acoustooptic modulator; PD, pin-photo diode; P, polarizer; A, analyzer.

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan•May 15, 2003•4 citations

Sodium-Electron Spin-Exchange Collisions

L. C. Balling

A spin-exchange optical pumping experiment to study collisions between sodium atoms and free electrons is reported. In this experiment, electrons in a weak magnetic field were polarized by spin-exchange collisions with optically pumped sodium atoms. The sodium-electron collisions were the principal source of the electron resonance linewidth, and they also produced a shift in the electron resonance frequency. The magnitudes of the linewidth and the frequency shift depend upon the scattering amplitude for sodium-electron collisions, the sodium polarization, and the sodium atom density. The ratio of the frequency shift to the linewidth was 0.03. The sodium polarization was approximately 30%. The electron resonance frequency was lower when the sodium polarization was positive. The measurements of the electron linewidth and the frequency shift agree with theoretical values of the linewidth and frequency shift obtained from the sodium-electron scattering phase shifts which have been recently calculated by Garrett.

Physical Review•Nov 4, 1966•19 citations

Experimental determination of the shift of the Zeeman resonance frequency of cesium atoms induced by spin-exchange collisions with rubidium atoms

Sergei P. Dmitriev, N. A. Dovator

Technical Physics•Feb 1, 1997•5 citations

Measurements of the gJ-factors of the atoms 133Cs, 85Rb, 87Rb, 23Na, 6Li and 7Li in the 2S ground state with the atomic beam magnetic resonance method

K.D. Boeklen, Werner Dankwort, Siegfried Penselin +1 more

Physica•Jan 1, 1967•0 citations

Experimental gJ factor in the metastable 5 D3/2 level of Ba+

K. H. Knöll, G. Marx, K. Hübner +4 more

The Zeeman splitting of the metastable 5${\mathit{D}}_{3/2}$ level of $^{138}\mathrm{Ba}^{+}$ in a magnetic field of 6 T has been measured in a laser-microwave double resonance experiment in a Penning ion trap. The magnetic field at the ion's position is determined by the cyclotron frequency of electrons stored in the same trap. From the ratio of both transition frequencies we obtain a ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{J}}$ value of 0.799 327 8(3). As a by-product, we confirmed earlier measurements on the 6${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$ ground-state ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{J}}$ factor to 2.002 492 2(10). The precision in both experiments is sufficient to test relativistic many-body calculations. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Physical Review A•Aug 1, 1996•23 citations
The ratio of the gJ{g}_{J}gJ​ factor of 4He(23S1)^{4}\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S_{1})4He(23S1​) to that of 87Rb(52S12)^{87}\mathrm{Rb}(5^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})87Rb(52S21​​) has been measured to a fractional accuracy of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10\ensuremath−8{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}10\ensuremath−8. The Rb atoms were optically pumped, and the 4He(23S1)^{4}\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S_{1})4He(23S1​) Zeeman resonance was observed through a combination of spin-exchange collisions and spin-dependent Penning ionization. Linewidths as narrow as 220 Hz were observed for the 4He(23S1)^{4}\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S_{1})4He(23S1​) Zeeman resonance. The accuracy of this experiment was limited by a systematic shift in the He gJ{g}_{J}gJ​ factor that depended upon the intensity of the discharge used to excite the He atoms to the 23S12^{3}S_{1}23S1​ state. Calculations indicate that transfer of coherence in spin-exchange collisions with free electrons contributes to this shift. The measured ratio gJ(4He,23S1)gJ(87Rb,52S12)=1\ensuremath−46.798(50)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−6\frac{{g}_{J}(^{4}\mathrm{He}, 2^{3}S_{1})}{{g}_{J}(^{87}\mathrm{Rb}, 5^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})}=1\ensuremath{-}46.798(50)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}gJ​(87Rb,52S21​​)gJ​(4He,23S1​)​=1\ensuremath−46.798(50)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−6. Using the previously measured ratio of the gJ{g}_{J}gJ​ factors of the ground state of rubidium to the ground state of hydrogen, we determine the ratio gJ(4He,23S1)gJ(1H,12S12)=1\ensuremath−23.214(50)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−6\frac{{g}_{J}(^{4}\mathrm{He}, 2^{3}S_{1})}{{g}_{J}(^{1}\mathrm{H}, 1^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})}=1\ensuremath{-}23.214(50)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}gJ​(1H,12S21​​)gJ​(4He,23S1​)​=1\ensuremath−23.214(50)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−6. This result agrees with recent theoretical calculations and experimental determinations using atomic-beam techniques, but disagrees with an earlier experimental determination using optical-pumping techniques.
A new measurement of the gJ{g}_{J}gJ​ factor in the 23S12^{3}S_{1}23S1​ metastable state of 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He has been made using an optical-pumping technique. Our result is $\frac{{g}_{J}(^{4}\mathrm{He}, 2^{3}S_{1})}{{g}_{J}(^{1}\mathrm{H}, 1^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})}=1\ensuremath{-}23.15(10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. This value agrees with theory and provides confirmation of a recent atomic-beam measurement. Further doubt is cast on an earlier optical-pumping determination, thereby resolving a possible discrepancy between theory and experiment.
In spin-related fundamental researches, there have been considerable interests in the transfer of microscopic orders between magnetic sublevels of different kinds of atoms. As for gaseous atomic systems, collisional transfer of spin polarization from optically pumped atoms A to atoms B is attained through spin exchange collisions. So far many experiments have been reported on the transfer of longitudinal spin polarization created along a static magnetic field. Transfer of coherence, on the other hand,is possible only when the energy matching condition j!A !Bj < is satisfied, where !A and !B are the Larmor frequencies of atoms A and B, and the line width. This is the reason why transfer of spin polarization precessing around the static magnetic field has not been observed except for a few experiments; The coherence transfer has been observed in the experiments where the atoms are subjected to properly chosen rf magnetic fields. Recently, it has been reported that coherence transfer between different kinds of atoms is possible by using the light field which transversely pumps only one kind of atoms under properly chosen experimetal conditions. It has also been pointed out that, as for the system of Rb and K atoms, which happen to have the same gyro-magnetic ratio, the peculier distortion of the magnetic resonance signal line shapes observed in the collisionally pumped atoms can be explained by the spin exchange coupling between the resonant Rb and K atoms. It is suggested that the precessing spin polarization in Rb can be transferred to K atoms or vice versa, since their Zeeman splittings become equal in the hyperfine multiplets jF 1⁄4 1i and jF 1⁄4 2i of the ground state 2S1=2 with the same gyromagnetic ratio 1⁄4 2 700 kHz/G. The experimental apparatus of the present experiment is shematically shown in Fig. 1. In addition to a droplet of natural rubidium and potassium, the sample cell contains 50mbar Ar as a buffer gas. It is subjected to a static magnetic field of H0 1⁄4 0:786G along the z axis and irradiated transversely to the field by a light beam from a GaAlAs laser A (output power = 10mW, beam diameter = 1mm). It is left-handed circularly polarized and tuned to the Rb absorption lines (S1=2, F 1⁄4 1 ! P1=2, F 1⁄4 1 and 2) which are not resolved owing to the Doppler broadening. The intensity of the laser A is modulated by an AOM (acousto-optic-modulator) at the Larmor frequency !A 1⁄4 2 550 (1⁄4 700 0:786) kHz of Rb in a rectangular shape pulse. As mentioned above the precessing spin polarization in Rb can be transferred to K. The precessing spin polarization of Rb and that of K are detected from the Faraday rotations of the beams of probe lasers B ( 1⁄4 794 nm, output power = 3mW, beam diameter = 2mm) and C ( 1⁄4 769 nm, output power = 3mW, beam diameter = 2mm), respectively. The frequency of laser B is chosen to be a few GHz higher than the Rb absorption lines (S1=2, F 1⁄4 1 ! P1=2, F 1⁄4 1 and 2) to prevent the detection beam from destroying the polarization. Similarly, the frequency of laser C is chosen to be a few GHz higher than the K absorption lines (S1=2, F 1⁄4 1 and 2 ! P1=2, F 1⁄4 1 and 2) which are not resolved owing to the Doppler broadening. They are linearly polarized and counter-propagated against the pumping beam,making angles of about 1 to the pumping beam. In each case the transmitted light beam of probe laser passes through the analyzer which makes an angle 45 to the polarization of the incident beam,and then it is detected by a pin-photo diode. The signals are electronically averaged over a few hundred cycles. Figure 2(a) shows the typical examples of signals on the magnetizations M x and M B x of Rb and K, respectively, Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimetal apparatus. AOM, acoustooptic modulator; PD, pin-photo diode; P, polarizer; A, analyzer.
A spin-exchange optical pumping experiment to study collisions between sodium atoms and free electrons is reported. In this experiment, electrons in a weak magnetic field were polarized by spin-exchange collisions with optically pumped sodium atoms. The sodium-electron collisions were the principal source of the electron resonance linewidth, and they also produced a shift in the electron resonance frequency. The magnitudes of the linewidth and the frequency shift depend upon the scattering amplitude for sodium-electron collisions, the sodium polarization, and the sodium atom density. The ratio of the frequency shift to the linewidth was 0.03. The sodium polarization was approximately 30%. The electron resonance frequency was lower when the sodium polarization was positive. The measurements of the electron linewidth and the frequency shift agree with theoretical values of the linewidth and frequency shift obtained from the sodium-electron scattering phase shifts which have been recently calculated by Garrett.
The Zeeman splitting of the metastable 5D3/2{\mathit{D}}_{3/2}D3/2​ level of 138Ba+^{138}\mathrm{Ba}^{+}138Ba+ in a magnetic field of 6 T has been measured in a laser-microwave double resonance experiment in a Penning ion trap. The magnetic field at the ion's position is determined by the cyclotron frequency of electrons stored in the same trap. From the ratio of both transition frequencies we obtain a gJ{\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{J}}gJ​ value of 0.799 327 8(3). As a by-product, we confirmed earlier measurements on the 6S1/2{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}S1/2​ ground-state gJ{\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{J}}gJ​ factor to 2.002 492 2(10). The precision in both experiments is sufficient to test relativistic many-body calculations. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.