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Communications in Theoretical Physics

Approximate Solution to the Driven Jaynes–Cummings Model with Small Detunings

Feng Mang, Fang XiMing, Shi Lei, Zhu XiWen, Yan Min

Published Sep 15, 1999• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The quasienergies and the steady states of a two-level atom coupled to a quantized cavity mode and driven by a classical periodic field are solved in the case that the detunings among the atom, the cavity mode and the field are small. We also constitute two sets of orthonormal wavefunctions based on the steady states we obtained from the system and present a unitary evolution operator. Finally, the specific calculations show that the approximate solution is a useful tool for the further investigation of the properties of the driven Jaynes–Cummings model with small detunings.

DOI
10.1088/0253-6102/32/2/181

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The quasienergies and the steady states of a two-level atom coupled to a quantized cavity mode and driven by a classical periodic field are solved in the case that the detunings among the atom, the cavity mode and the field are small. We also constitute two sets of orthonormal wavefunctions based on the steady states we obtained from the system and present a unitary evolution operator. Finally, the specific calculations show that the approximate solution is a useful tool for the further investigation of the properties of the driven Jaynes–Cummings model with small detunings.
We calculate the quasienergies and steady states of a coupled two-level atom and quantized electromagnetic cavity mode with the cavity mode driven by a periodic classical field. The atom, the cavity mode, and the classical field are all on resonance. The quasienergies give shifted Jaynes-Cummings level splittings. These splittings are reduced by the interaction with the driving field and vanish at a threshold value of the driving field strength. Above the threshold, discrete quasienergies and normalizable steady states do not exist. Below the threshold, for weak driving fields, the steady states are squeezed and displaced Jaynes-Cummings eigenstates. We discuss the relevance of these results to work in cavity quantum electrodynamics.
The eigenstates of the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian (the dressed atomic states) are widely used to describe the interaction between a single two-level atom and a single mode of the electromagnetic field. They provide a particularly useful basis when the secular approximation is justified. For an atom interacting fog with n photons in a cavity, the secular approximation requires that the n-photon Rabi frequency 2 n g be much larger than the atomic and cavity linewidths. Normally this condition is met when n is large and the coupling constant g is much smaller than the atomic and cavity linewidths. In this paper we allow g to be larger than the linewidths, and we allow the photon number to be small. We show that when the cavity is driven by a coherent field, the usual secular approximation cannot be used. The natural basis states become are now the eigenstates of the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian plus the external field interaction. We solve this eigenvalue problem by separating the field and atomic parts of the Hamiltonian using a displacement and squeeze in the Hilbert-space of the field. We find that the Rabi frequencies are renormalized downwards as the strength of the driving field is increased. They eventually vanish at a critical field strength. At this critical field strength we observe a spontaneous symmetry breaking in the steady-state solution of the master equation for a single atom interacting with a driven cavity mode.
We study the two-photon interaction of a two-level atom with a quantized bimodal field of a loss-free cavity. We assume that both the coupling strength and the atom-field detuning may depend on the populations of the two modes. We show that this general nonlinear model is exactly solvable in terms of a dressing unitary operator. Exact expressions for the eigenstates as well as for the Rabi frequencies of the coupled system are given as explicit functions of the nonlinearity terms present in the model. Exploiting the flexibility of these results, we investigate the atomic inversion supposing that at t=0 one mode is coherent, the other is in a Fock state and the atom is excited. We compare the dynamical behaviour of various particular nonlinear models. A common feature is the presence of collapses and revivals of the Rabi oscillations. We find that the atomic inversion manifests exact periodicity when only one specific type of intensity-dependent term (coupling strength or detuning) is present. Such behaviour is physically interpreted in the framework of the dressed atom representation. The simulataneous presence of both nonlinear contributions in the model breaks such regular behaviour in the long-time atomic evolution, in which case competition effects occur which qualitatively modify the quantum dynamics of the system. Other quantum manifestations are brought to light. Their relevance, in connection with the possibility of preparing a cavity mode in an arbitrary Fock state, is briefly discussed.
We extend the standard Jaynes-Cummings model to include transient effects due to a modulation of the atom-field coupling. The exact solution for such a generalized model is found in terms of Bessel functions for the atom-cavity mode interaction modulated by the exponential function. This function is incorporated into the basic Hamiltonian phenomenologically for modelling the processes of adiabatic switching on or switching off the interaction of a two-level atom (at rest) with a quantized mode. The dynamical behaviour of the atomic inversion for such processes is plotted and compared with the atomic dynamics for the standard model. If we take into account that, in micromaser experiments, Rydberg atoms move through a cavity with a spatially inhomogenous field, we deal with the Jaynes-Cummings model with a spatial modulation the form of which is defined by the mode-shape function depending, in turn, on the geometrical form of resonator. In the cases of a rectangular and a spherical cavity the analytical solutions for atomic inversion are found in the explicit form in the weak-coupling limit. We consider in detail the time evolution of the atomic inversion while the atom passes through a rectangular cavity. Contrary to the standard model the initial inversion can be exactly restored during the atomic transit depending on the relation between the detuning, the atomic velocity and the number of half-wavelengths of the chosen mode. The numerical solutions of the basic equations are also obtained and plotted for rectangular and spherical resonators.
The dynamics of the much studied Jaynes–Cummings model, of a single two-level atom interacting with a single quantized field mode, is simple to solve for because the number of quanta in the system is strictly conserved. Including the effects of cavity damping makes the model significantly more difficult to treat. Here we present a simple derivation of the evolution of the atomic inversion in the presence of cavity damping. This will enable us to explain the physical meaning of the solution, first derived more than 20 years ago, and also to show that it is valid for much stronger damping than was appreciated at that time.
Jaynes–Cummings (JC) models are by far the most widely used to study the dynamics of two-level systems, such as atoms or molecules under suitable conditions, coupled to quantized electromagnetic fields. Nowadays, analytical solutions of JC models are more useful than ever for understanding and controlling radiation-matter interactions relevant to quantum information processing, quantum computing, and other quantum technologies. This study presents the analysis and generalization of a method for the solution of the dynamical problem in the time-independent JC model (Carbonaro et al., 1979) that enables an exact description of the atom-field dynamics in the resonant time-dependent JC model and in a nontrivial class of off-resonance time-dependent JC models. Our analysis produces the ready-to-use forms of the evolution operator in the resonant and non-resonant cases, which are then used to derive the evolution of the atomic population inversion for some types of atom-field coupling. The central idea behind the proposed approach offers opportunities for its extension to other time-dependent cases and its generalization to JC-related models.