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IEEE Photonics Conference

New states of light by third order parametric down conversion processes

Benoı̂t Boulanger, Adrien Borne, C. Félix, Patricia Segonds, Kamel Bencheikh, Juan Ariel Levenson

Published Dec 1, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Third order nonlinear parametric optical interactions performed in bulk crystals or optical fibers lead to the generation of triple photons, which opens the way for new achievements in quantum optics and information.
DOI
10.1109/ipcon.2014.6995411

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We conceived an optical generator leading to the production of 3×1013 triple photons per pulse with a full-width duration of 88ps at 1/e2, by using a third-order optical parametric interaction phase-matched in a KTP crystal and pumped at 532 nm. The triple photon generation is stimulated by two photons orthogonally polarized emitted by a homemade optical parametric oscillator emitting at 1665 nm. The energy generated at 1474 nm is well modelized by an analytical model based on Jacobi elliptic functions. These results open the way to new quantum measurement relative to Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state of light.
Demonstrating quantum properties of triple photons generated by χ3\chi ^3χ3 processes
Abstract Triple-photon generation (TPG) is based on a third-order nonlinear optical interaction, which is the most direct way to produce pure quantum three-photon states. These states can exhibit three-body quantum correlations, and their statistics cannot be reproduced by any Gaussian statistics of coherent sources or optical parametric twin-photon generator, making them potentially useful for quantum information processing tasks such as quantum state distillation, quantum error-correction and universal quantum computing. Furthermore, the generation of entangled photon pairs heralded by the detection of a third photon can be used in advanced quantum communication protocols. We made the first experimental demonstration of TPG in 2004 using a bi-stimulation scheme in a bulk KTP crystal, followed by the quantum theory. The new challenges are now to achieve a spontaneous TPG and the corresponding quantum experiments and protocols using oriented ridge KTP waveguides, which ensures both birefringence phase-matching and light confinement. The waveguides are cut by a precision dicing saw. We recently performed their characterization using third-harmonic generation measurements, which showed their good quality. A rate of about 5 triplets per second is expected when pumping a 5-cm-long waveguide with a 5-W 532 nm beam in the CW regime. Such a spontaneous TPG exhibits low rate of triple photons, which makes the certification of quantum features hard. In this article, we review our theoretical and experimental work on TPG and the associated quantum modeling. We also develop theoretical tools for the certification of quantum features of spontaneous triple-photon states. Graphic abstract
The spontaneous decay of a pump photon into a tripartite entangled photon state (photon triplets) has been extensively studied in theory. Observation of these photon triplets at optical frequencies is of interest for fundamental science and future applications of quantum optics, such as quantum computing and quantum cryptography. This decay is known as spontaneous third-order parametric down-conversion (TOPDC). Experimentally, TOPDC has not been demonstrated in the optical frequency domain. TOPDC is enabled by the third-order nonlinearity of the material in which the interaction takes place. In optical fibres, the effective nonlinearity of the glass is increased manifold. The reason for this is the long light-matter interaction length and the tight confinement of light in the waveguide. Optical fibres are therefore the ideal platform for the observation of TOPDC, provided that phase matching can be achieved. In this thesis, the use of submicrometre fibre tapers is studied in the context of TOPDC, both in experiment and theory. Comparing different fibre-based TOPDC sources, fibre tapers rank among the highest in terms of expected triplet generation rate. At the same time, the background noise generated in these fibres is very low, which leads to a high expected three-photon coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) on the order of 7000. In the experiments related to TOPDC, the precision of manufacturing fibre tapers is studied. A novel gas-based mechanism for dispersion tuning is demonstrated. Without this mechanism the manufacturing precision of the fibre tapers would not suffice to observe TOPDC in an experiment. The tuning mechanism is demonstrated using third-harmonic generation, which is the inverse process of TOPDC. The resonant third-harmonic radiation generated around 460nm can be tuned at a rate of −0.118nm/bar. This is achieved by introducing pressurised argon in the taper environment. The background noise from fibre tapers is characterised. The effect of the tuning mechanism on the three-photon-state and the signal-to-noise ratio is studied in theory. In another part of the thesis, gas-filled suspended-core fibres (SCFs) are used as a spectrally tunable source of entangled photon pairs (biphotons). Generation of biphotons via spontaneous four-wave mixing (FWM) in fibres offers great advantages over the generation in bulk crystals, which is the commonly employed technique. The most important advantages are the excellent control of the spatial mode structure, the extra degrees of freedom for dispersion design and the possibility to integrate the fibres into existing networks. Yet, fibre biphoton sources lack the convenient spectral tunability of crystal-based sources. Introducing pressurised gas into the hollow channels of the SCF is demonstrated to be a convenient and broadband spectral tuning mechanism. The FWM-sidebands can be continuously tuned at a rate of −0.3 THz/bar, in the quantum and in the seeded scenario. A high two-photon-CAR exceeding 10000 is measured for the biphoton state, and the frequency entangled joint-spectral intensity is measured. Finally, seeded FWM is used to characterise the core size of high-NA submicrometre fibres to a nanometre precision. If ultrafast pulses are used instead of nanosecond pulses, this will present a non-destructive and high precision characterisation technique for such fibres. The results of this work present an important step towards realising TOPDC at optical frequencies in the near future. The experimental realisation of a broadly tunable biphoton source combines the convenient tuning mechanism found in crystal-based sources with the advantages of fibre-based biphoton generation. Such tunable fibre biphoton sources can therefore be competitive with crystal-based systems for quantum optics applications.