Questions and answers

Ricardo A. Broglia, G. Colò, Giovanni Onida +1 more

Michele Caponigro, Helen Lynn

The words: determinism, hidden variables, subjectivism, information, objectivism, informational-theoretic axioms,observers have some connection with physical reality? What we mean with "description" of physical reality? When we say that we understand this reality? Certain parameters:position, velocity are sufficient? We will focus only to conceptual considerations regarding the relation between the "questions" and the relative "answers" in general and specifically in quantum mechanics. It is usually believed that the answers are more important of the questions, for this reason we can read many answers everywhere and in different field of knowledge. We need to add and clarify some things: (i) usually an answers require a question, (ii) but, as we know, their relation is not so simple and immediate, (iii) For instance: a)an epistemic questions give us ontic answers? b)the answer has a connection with the question and vice versa? c)we could to infer a question starting from an answer? d)there are answers without questions? These answers could be in some framework considered as ontic answers? The relative scientific works are the same time ontic? Speaking of quantum mechanics we see around many answers in the meantime we do not see the correspondent questions, these answers seem completely independent, and this seem a right road, the road of the independent nature unlinked from human thoughts. We retain instead that questions can affect the possible answers. Exist "something" before the question?

Peng Guo, Panpan Wang

The approach to question answering is challenging because it usually requires finding useful information from within and between question and answer sentences for sentence semantic matching. The key information mined from existing question and answer sentences, as a supplement to semantic information, maybe helpful for this task. However, capturing the intra-sentence and inter-sentence semantic interactions is somewhat difficult given the implicit interrelationships between question and answer sentences. Although the learning effect of multi-layer neural network is good, it lacks explanatory and theoretical support. This paper mainly studies how to select the best answer sentence from a set of question and answer sentences, mine information more effectively, perform semantic matching, and have a certain interpretability. Therefore, we propose a hierarchical attention network (QHAN) based on the mathematical framework of quantum theory, which integrates the attention mechanism under quantum measurement and density matrix (DMATT) and the attention mechanism under quantum weak measurement and weak value (WMATT) in one in a unified model framework. QHAN can not only discover key sentences in a set of question and answer sentences and key words in a sentence, but also perform sentence semantic matching quickly and accurately. Furthermore, QHAN has the advantage of interpretability in terms of models due to the physical meaning and attentional full weight distribution implied by quantum theory. Extensive experiments on the question answering dataset show that our method is comparable to the baselines and can explain why the selected question and answer sentence is the best option in terms of intra-sentence and inter-sentence attention distributions.

A. O. Bolivar

George Jaroszkiewicz

Questions and Answers What Is Physics?Throughout this book we shall be concerned greatly with questions and answers.The subject that an observer asks a question of will be denoted by a bold symbol such as Ψ.On the other hand, the question that is asked of a subject will be denoted by a barred bold symbol such as Q.Then the answer A that is obtained when that question is asked of that subject will be denoted by A ≡ QΨ.This notation will be used to explain what quantized detector networks (QDN) is all about and in its mathematical implementation.Note that the left-right ordering here is significant: ΨQ will mean something very different.If I, the author, were asked the question Q ≡ What is physics?, my answer QI would be QI = Physics is the process whereby observers first formulate, then ask, and then answer, empirical questions.We need to clarify some points about this answer.By empirical, we mean according to the established principles of science, whereby theorists make propositions or assertions and then establish the truth values of those propositions relative to experiments carried out by unbiased experimentalists.This is done to acquire information about systems under observation (SUOs) in order to add to our knowledge about the relative physical Universe (that part of the Universe empirically accessible to us).We are motivated to do all this for numerous reasons, not the least of which is basic curiosity.This is the view of physics taken in this book.Physics is emphatically not a discipline that philosophers and metaphysicists can meaningfully contribute to, because without empirical testing, any proposition has to be regarded as scientifically vacuous (empirically meaningless).The questions relevant to physicists are posed through experiments and consequently will be referred to as empirical questions.Other sorts of questions will be referred to as theoretical questions.

Rudolf Haag