Along with the development of confidentiality of data and resources, there is a need to develop systems that would provide confidentiality. Currently, the most used systems are classical cryptographic systems and encryption public key systems. However, none of these systems provides a solution for the famous 'catch 22' of cryptography. Owing to the intensive development of quantum mechanics, in the last 30 years emerged an entirely new kind of cryptography-quantum cryptography. Its greatest contribution is a possibility to discover an intercepted communication channel from a third party. The question is: is this really true? The question arises: 'If the quantum cryptography is so good, why is not widely used?' The aim of this paper is, on the one hand, to define the basic mechanisms of quantum cryptography IP, and, on the other hand, to point to the shortcomings, as they related to the opportunities of today's devices and flaws in protocols.
Along with the development of confidentiality of data and resources, there is a need to develop systems that would provide confidentiality. Currently, the most used systems are classical cryptographic systems and encryption public key systems. However, none of these systems provides a solution for the famous 'catch 22' of cryptography. Owing to the intensive development of quantum mechanics, in the last 30 years emerged an entirely new kind of cryptography-quantum cryptography. Its greatest contribution is a possibility to discover an intercepted communication channel from a third party. The question is: is this really true? The question arises: 'If the quantum cryptography is so good, why is not widely used?' The aim of this paper is, on the one hand, to define the basic mechanisms of quantum cryptography IP, and, on the other hand, to point to the shortcomings, as they related to the opportunities of today's devices and flaws in protocols.
Due to the growing need for dana protection, especially nowadays when the Internet is
everywhere, systems are being developed that can enable this secrecy. Nowadays, the most
commonly used are classic cryptographic systems and cryptographic systems that have a public
key. Unfortunately, no cryptographic system can solve a known problem called „handle 22“.
Thanks to the great rise of technology, its development has led to a completely new type of
cryptography, quantum cryptography. With the help of quantum cryptography, we can more easily
detect if someone is eavesdropping on a communication channel. However, although quantum
cryptography is considered very secure, it is not always so, but if it is more secure than classical
why it is not used more often? The aim of this paper is to explain the basic possibilities of quantum
cryptography and its protocols, but also to point out its shortcomings.
Quantum cryptography is a revolutionary field that applies the principles of quantum mechanics to provide secure communication channels. One of the most popular techniques in quantum cryptography is Quantum Key Distribution, which uses quantum states to deliver secure keys. The main advantage of quantum cryptography is that it offers protection against eavesdropping and tampering, which is not possible with classical encryption methods. This is because copying data in a quantum state is virtually impossible, and any attempt to intercept or manipulate the data will result in its complete alteration. As a result, any third-party interference can be detected quickly. Traditional cryptographic algorithms used in modern cryptography are vulnerable to attacks due to the evolution of quantum computers and mathematical advances in the decomposition of large integers. Therefore, the solution to address this vulnerability is to apply the principles of quantum physics to cryptography. The aim of the paper is to survey the current scientific achievements in the field of quantum cryptography and to present some challenging issues.
Secure communication between senders and recipients is made easier by cryptography. Conventional encryption techniques rely on either publicly accessible keys or privately owned keys. The confidentiality of the message is placed in danger, though, as eavesdroppers can intercept these keys. Using a specific kind of quantum mechanics, quantum cryptography ensures that messages are sent with complete security. One of the main components is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which distributes random binary keys so that parties can identify possible listening devices. This paper also looks at classical cryptography, DES and some limits and application areas of quantum cryptography.
As the need for data secrets develops, so are systems that should make this secrecy possible. Today, most commonly used are classic cryptographic systems and cryptographic public key systems. Thanks totheintensedevelopmentofquantummechanics,inthelast30yearsawholenewkindofcryptography has emerged: quantum cryptography. Her biggest contribution is the ability to detect the interception of a communication channel by a third person. Is this really like that? The question is, if quantum cryptography is that good, why is it not widespread? The meaning of this paper is, on the one hand, define the basic mechanisms of quantum cryptography and protocols, and, on the other hand, point to the disadvantages of those relating to the possibilities of today’s circuitry and the security shortcomings in the protocols.
The development of modern computer technologies endangers the confidentiality of information, which is usually ensured by traditional cryptographic means. This circumstance forces us to look for new methods of protection. In view of modern trends, quantum cryptography methods can become such alternatives, which allow solving a number of important cryptographic problems, for which the impossibility of solving using only classical (that is, non-quantum) communication has been proven. Quantum cryptography is a branch of quantum informatics that studies methods of protecting information by using quantum carriers. The possibility of such protection is ensured by the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics. One of the promising directions of quantum cryptography is Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) that offers secure communication without any shared key. A characteristic feature of this method is the absence of cryptographic transformations, accordingly, there is no key distribution problem. The purpose of this work is a general overview of quantum cryptography protocols, finding their weak points for further development and improvement, as well as identifying vulnerabilities to different attacks. The article analyzes new methods and protocols, as well as presents their advantages and disadvantages. Based on partial generalizations of theoretical provisions and practical achievements in the field of quantum cryptography, a generalized classification was developed. By comparing various factors of the protocols, and their resistance to certain cyberattacks, we have the opportunity to identify several problems in this field and expand the possibilities for choosing appropriate methods for building modern quantum information protection systems. In accordance with this, conclusions were presented regarding the use of protocols and increasing the level of their effectiveness.
The emergence of quantum computing has provided new paradigms for cryptography. On the one hand, it poses significant new threats to existing classically cryptographic systems, requiring the community to define new security models that capture what a quantum adversary can do. On the other hand, it gives us new tools to design cryptographic protocols, with weaker assumptions than in the classical world, or even protocols that are impossible classically. In this survey, we first give an overview of new security definitions for classical cryptography, considering quantum adversaries who can either only use local quantum computation (post-quantum security), or even send quantum messages and in particular have access to oracle in superposition (quantum security). We explore these new notions through the examples of commitments, zero-knowledge proofs, encryption, and signatures. Then, we present what is arguably the most famous application of quantum cryptography: quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that take advantage of unique properties of quantum mechanics to provide secure communication unconditionally. We also explore cryptography beyond QKD, focusing on unclonable cryptography: a family of cryptographic functionalities, built with quantum states, and designed to be resistant to counterfeit by leveraging the “no-cloning” theorem. We examine in particular quantum money, but also the recent notions of unclonable encryption and copy-protection, including related variants. By presenting a comprehensive survey of these topics, this paper aims to provide a thorough understanding of the current landscape and future potential of quantum cryptography.