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International Electronic Conference on Entropy and Its Applications (ECEA)

Entropy and Copula Theory in Quantum Mechanics

Germano Resconi, Ignazio Francesco Licata

Published Nov 10, 2014• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In classical mechanics, we have individual particle and invariant density in the phase space. In quantum mechanics, any particle is sensitive in a different way from all other particles, for its position and also to the measure process. Thus, we substitute the classical probability in the phase space with the conditional probability in the network of communicating particles. Any probability and entropy are functions of the phase position conditioned by the position of the other particles. Therefore, for different measures we have different conditional entropies. The space of the entropies is a curved and possible torque multidimensional space where the derivative is the covariant derivative on a manifold of the entropic space. At the zero quantum field, the covariant derivative commutes and Fisher matrix is part of the kinetic terms in the Lagrangian where the derivative is the covariant derivative. With Lagrange minimum condition and the entropic space it is possible to show a connection between entropy space and Bohm potential in quantum mechanics. Entropy multidimensional space includes dependence and entanglement as geometric structure of the entropy. Now we can create a non-zero quantum field approach when the covariant derivative does not commute so we have curvature and torsion. The non-zero quantum field can be the Casimir field of forces. Therefore, Casimir force as gravity in the space-time is modelled by curvature and torsion of the entropic space. Useful connection between dependence and covariant derivatives are obtained by copula (dependence measure) and quantum mechanics.

DOI
10.3390/ecea-1-b010

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In classical mechanics, we have individual particle and invariant density in the phase space. In quantum mechanics, any particle is sensitive in a different way from all other particles, for its position and also to the measure process. Thus, we substitute the classical probability in the phase space with the conditional probability in the network of communicating particles. Any probability and entropy are functions of the phase position conditioned by the position of the other particles. Therefore, for different measures we have different conditional entropies. The space of the entropies is a curved and possible torque multidimensional space where the derivative is the covariant derivative on a manifold of the entropic space. At the zero quantum field, the covariant derivative commutes and Fisher matrix is part of the kinetic terms in the Lagrangian where the derivative is the covariant derivative. With Lagrange minimum condition and the entropic space it is possible to show a connection between entropy space and Bohm potential in quantum mechanics. Entropy multidimensional space includes dependence and entanglement as geometric structure of the entropy. Now we can create a non-zero quantum field approach when the covariant derivative does not commute so we have curvature and torsion. The non-zero quantum field can be the Casimir field of forces. Therefore, Casimir force as gravity in the space-time is modelled by curvature and torsion of the entropic space. Useful connection between dependence and covariant derivatives are obtained by copula (dependence measure) and quantum mechanics.
A quantum entropy space is suggested as the fundamental arena describing the quantum effects. In the quantum regime the entropy is expressed as the superposition of many different Boltzmann entropies that span the space of the entropies before any measure. When a measure is performed the quantum entropy collapses to one component. A suggestive reading of the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics and of Bohm’s quantum potential in terms of the quantum entropy are provided. The space associated with the quantum entropy determines a distortion in the classical space of position, which appears as a Weyl-like gauge potential connected with Fisher information. This Weyl-like gauge potential produces a deformation of the moments which changes the classical action in such a way that Bohm’s quantum potential emerges as consequence of the non classical definition of entropy, in a non-Euclidean information space under the constraint of a minimum condition of Fisher information (Fisher Bohm- entropy). Finally, the possible quantum relativistic extensions of the theory and the connections with the problem of quantum gravity are investigated. The non classical thermodynamic approach to quantum phenomena changes the geometry of the particle phase space. In the light of the representation of gravity in ordinary phase space by torsion in the flat space (Teleparallel gravity), the change of geometry in the phase space introduces quantum phenomena in a natural way. This gives a new force to F. Shojai’s and A. Shojai’s theory where the geometry of space-time is highly coupled with a quantum potential whose origin is not the Schrödinger equation but the non classical entropy of a system of many particles that together change the geometry of the phase space of the positions (entanglement). In this way the non classical thermodynamic changes the classical geodetic as a consequence of the quantum phenomena and quantum and gravity are unified. Quantum affects geometry of multidimensional phase space and gravity changes in any point the torsion in the ordinary four-dimensional Lorenz space-time metric.
It is here proposed a geometric approach for the problem of describing entropy in a quantum system. We make use of an extension of tensor calculus called morphogenetic calculus. By using such formalism we express the entropy of a quantum system as the superposition of Boltzmann entropies. In this way we also provide a reading of the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics. Moreover we show that the Bohm quantum potential emerges as a consequence of the classical equilibrium under the constraint of a minimum condition of Fisher information. In this way, Bohm quantum potential appears as a non-Euclidean deformation of the probabilistic space. Finally we investigate the possible quantum-relativistic extensions of the theory and the connections with the problem of quantum gravity.
Non-relativistic quantum theory is derived from information codified into an appropriate statistical model. The basic assumption is that there is an irreducible uncertainty in the location of particles so that the configuration space is a statistical manifold. The dynamics then follows from a principle of inference, the method of Maximum Entropy. The concept of time is introduced as a convenient way to keep track of change. The resulting formalism is close to Nelson’s stochastic mechanics. The statistical manifold is a dynamical entity: its (information) geometry determines the evolution of the probability distribution which, in its turn, reacts back and determines the evolution of the geometry. As in General Relativity there is a kind of equivalence principle in that “fictitious ” forces – in this case diffusive “osmotic ” forces – turn out to be “real”. This equivalence of quantum and statistical fluctuations – or of quantum and classical probabilities – leads to a natural explanation of the equality of inertial and “osmotic ” masses and allows explaining quantum theory as a sophisticated example of entropic inference. Mass and the phase of the wave function are explained as features of purely statistical origin.
Non-relativistic quantum theory is derived from information codified into an appropriate statistical model. The basic assumption is that there is an irreducible uncertainty in the location of particles: positions constitute a configuration space and the corresponding probability distributions constitute a statistical manifold. The dynamics follows from a principle of inference, the method of Maximum Entropy. The concept of time is introduced as a convenient way to keep track of change. A welcome feature is that the entropic dynamics notion of time incorporates a natural distinction between past and future. The statistical manifold is assumed to be a dynamical entity: its curved and evolving geometry determines the evolution of the particles which, in their turn, react back and determine the evolution of the geometry. Imposing that the dynamics conserve energy leads to the Schroedinger equation and to a natural explanation of its linearity, its unitarity, and of the role of complex numbers. The phase of the wave function is explained as a feature of purely statistical origin. There is a quantum analogue to the gravitational equivalence principle.
A framework for a quantum mechanical information theory is introduced that is based entirely on density operators, and gives rise to a unified description of classical correlation and quantum entanglement. Unlike in classical (Shannon) information theory, quantum (von Neumann) conditional entropies can be negative when considering quantum entangled systems, a fact related to quantum nonseparability. The possibility that negative (virtual) information can be carried by entangled particles suggests a consistent interpretation of quantum informational processes.
It is known that the Frenet–Serret apparatus of a space curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space determines the local geometry of curves. In particular, the Frenet–Serret apparatus specifies important geometric invariants, including the curvature and the torsion of a curve. It is also acknowledged in quantum information science that low complexity and high efficiency are essential features to achieve when cleverly manipulating quantum states that encode quantum information about a physical system. In this paper, we propose a geometric perspective on how to quantify the bending and the twisting of quantum curves traced by dynamically evolving state vectors. Specifically, we propose a quantum version of the Frenet–Serret apparatus for a quantum trajectory in projective Hilbert space traced by a parallel-transported pure quantum state evolving unitarily under a stationary Hamiltonian specifying the Schrödinger equation. Our proposed constant curvature coefficient is given by the magnitude squared of the covariant derivative of the tangent vector [Formula: see text] to the state vector [Formula: see text] and represents a useful measure of the bending of the quantum curve. Our proposed constant torsion coefficient, instead, is defined in terms of the magnitude squared of the projection of the covariant derivative of the tangent vector [Formula: see text], orthogonal to both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The torsion coefficient provides a convenient measure of the twisting of the quantum curve. Remarkably, we show that our proposed curvature and torsion coefficients coincide with those existing in the literature, although introduced in a completely different manner. Interestingly, not only we establish that zero curvature corresponds to unit geodesic efficiency during the quantum transportation in projective Hilbert space, but we also find that the concepts of curvature and torsion help enlighten the statistical structure of quantum theory. Indeed, while the former concept can be essentially defined in terms of the concept of kurtosis, the positivity of the latter can be regarded as a restatement of the well-known Pearson inequality that involves both the concepts of kurtosis and skewness in mathematical statistics. Finally, not only do we present illustrative examples with nonzero curvature for single-qubit time-independent Hamiltonian evolutions for which it is impossible to generate torsion, but we also discuss physical applications extended to two-qubit stationary Hamiltonians that generate curves with both nonzero curvature and nonvanishing torsion traced by quantum states with different degrees of entanglement, ranging from separable states to maximally entangled Bell states. In the Appendix C, we examine the different curvature and torsion characteristics of the three qubit [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] states under evolution by a quantum Heisenberg Hamiltonian.