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Some new additivity results on quantum channels

Motohisa Fukuda

Published May 4, 2005• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this paper we introduce a lemma. This lemma states that for a unitary covariant channel $\\Psi$ and a channel $M$ such that $M(\\rho_0)$ is of rank one for some state $\\rho_0$ the additivity of the minimal output entropy of $\\Psi$ implies that of $\\Psi \\circ M$, and the multiplicativity of the maximal output $p$-norm of $\\Psi$, that of $\\Psi \\circ M$. Applying the lemma to the depolarising channel we produce a new class of memoryless quantum channels for which the additivity of the minimal output entropy and the multiplicativity of the maximal output $p$-norm hold. This class includes the shifted depolarising channel.

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In this paper we introduce a lemma. This lemma states that for a unitary covariant channel Psi\\PsiPsi and a channel MMM such that M(rho0)M(\\rho_0)M(rho0​) is of rank one for some state rho0\\rho_0rho0​ the additivity of the minimal output entropy of Psi\\PsiPsi implies that of PsicircM\\Psi \\circ MPsicircM, and the multiplicativity of the maximal output ppp-norm of Psi\\PsiPsi, that of PsicircM\\Psi \\circ MPsicircM. Applying the lemma to the depolarising channel we produce a new class of memoryless quantum channels for which the additivity of the minimal output entropy and the multiplicativity of the maximal output ppp-norm hold. This class includes the shifted depolarising channel.
We consider the additivity of the minimal output entropy and the classical information capacity of a class of quantum channels. This class is the one for which the norm of the output is maximized for an output state being a normalized projection. For such channels - which we characterize in their general form - we prove the additivity of the minimal output Renyi entropies with entropic parameters contained in [0, 2], generalizing an argument by Alicki and Fannes, and present several examples in detail. In order to relate these results to the classical information capacity, we introduce a weak form of covariance of a channel. We then identify instances of weakly covariant channels for which we can infer the additivity of the classical information capacity. Both additivity results apply to the case of an arbitrary number of different channels. Finally, we relate the obtained results to instances of bi-partite quantum states for which the entanglement cost can be calculated.
We investigate decoherence induced by a quantum channel in terms of minimal output entropy and of map entropy. The latter is the von Neumann entropy of the Jamiolkowski state of the channel. Both quantities admit q-Renyi versions. We prove additivity of the map entropy for all q. For the case q = 2, we show that the depolarizing channel has the smallest map entropy among all channels with a given minimal output Renyi entropy of order two. This allows us to characterize pairs of channels such that the output entropy of their tensor product acting on a maximally entangled input state is larger than the sum of the minimal output entropies of the individual channels. We conjecture that for any channel Φ1 acting on a finite dimensional system there exists a class of channels Φ2 sufficiently close to a unitary map such that additivity of minimal output entropy for Ψ1 x Ψ2 holds.
Quantum channels can be described via a unitary coupling of system and environment, followed by a trace over the environment state space. Taking the trace instead over the system state space produces a different mapping which we call the conjugate channel. We explore the properties of conjugate channels and describe several different methods of construction. In general, conjugate channels map M_d to M_d' with d < d', and different constructions may differ by conjugation with a partial isometry. We show that a channel and its conjugate have the same minimal output entropy and maximal output p-norm. It then follows that the additivity and multiplicativity conjectures for these measures of optimal output purity hold for a product of channels if and only if they also hold for the product of their conjugates. This allows us to reduce these conjectures to the special case of maps taking M_d to M_d' with a minimal representation of dimension at most d. We find explicit expressions for the conjugates for a number of well-known examples, including entanglement-breaking channels, unital qubit channels, the depolarizing channel, and a subclass of random unitary channels. For the entanglement-breaking channels, channels this yields a new class of channels for which additivity and multiplicativity of optimal output purity can be established. For random unitary channels using the generalized Pauli matrices, we obtain a new formulation of the multiplicativity conjecture. The conjugate of the completely noisy channel plays a special role and suggests a mechanism for using noise to transmit information.
Additivity of minimal entropy output is proven for the class of quantum channels Λt(A):=tAT+(1−t)τ(A)Λ_t (A):=t A^{T}+(1-t)τ(A)Λt​(A):=tAT+(1−t)τ(A) in the parameter range −2/(d2−2)≤t≤1/(d+1)-2/(d^2-2)\le t \le 1/(d+1)−2/(d2−2)≤t≤1/(d+1).
We introduce a condition for memoryless quantum channels which, when satisfied guarantees the multiplicativity of the maximal ℓp-norm with p a fixed integer. By applying the condition to qubit channels, it can be shown that it is not a necessary condition, although some known results for qubits can be recovered. When applied to the Werner-Holevo channel, which is known to violate multiplicativity when p is large relative to the dimension d, the condition suggests that multiplicativity holds when d⩾2p−1. This conjecture is proved explicitly for p=2,3,4. Finally, a new class of channels is considered which generalizes the depolarizing channel to maps which are combinations of the identity channel and a noisy one whose image is an arbitrary density matrix. It is shown that these channels are multiplicative for p=2.