Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

TWO PHOTON SPECTROSCOPY OF ELECTRONIC TSANSITIONS IN PURE GdA10 3

Luiz A. O. Nunes, Joaquim Coutinho Neto

Published Jul 18, 1988• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The Gd3+ ion has a very special level structure when compared to all others rare-earths ions. Its first excited state is 32.000 cm-1above the ground state(1) This unique property make dificult to study the level structure of this ion in solids due to its superposition with the excitonic absorption band of the crystal. Two photon absorption spectroscopy is the ideal technique to study this ion since the cross section for two photon excitonic transition is forbiden(2)

Related papers

Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy of Rare Earth Ions

N. Bloembergen

Observations on two-photon transitions in the 4f7 configuration of Gd3+ and Eu2+ reveal the importance of crystal field and spin-orbit interactions in the intermediate 4f6 5d levels.

International Conference on Luminescence - 1984•Jan 1, 1984•0 citations

Two‐Photon Excitation Spectra of Trivalent Rare‐Earth Ion Luminescence in Crystals

Pavel A Apanasevich, R. I. Gintoft, V. S. Korol'kov +2 more

Abstract Theoretical and experimental investigations are made of two‐photon absorption spectra of trivalent rare‐earth ions in crystals. Effective cross‐sections, selection rules, and relative intensities of the components are found. The most intensive two‐photon transitions are established. Two‐photon excitation spectra of luminescence of Er3+ and Ho3+ ions in CaF2 are obtained and effective excitation cross‐sections are measured using a tunable dye laser (715 to 850 nm). It is shown that the spectra have a peculiar structure which differs considerably from that of the one‐photon absorption spectra. The experimental results agree with theory. It is established that one of the levels in Ho3+ is the level 5G6 rather than 3K7 usually assumed.

physica status solidi (b)•Aug 1, 1973•41 citations

Application of two-photon spectroscopy in the study of trivalent rare-earth ions in crystals

A. G. Makhanek, G. A. Skripko

To study the role of stepwise and relaxation processes under effective excitation of anti-Stokes luminescence of rare-earth (RE) ions in crystals the time-shifted pulse method is used. It is shown that direct comparison of measured single- and two-photon luminescence excitation spectra often enables one to make immediate conclusions on the position and classification of electron levels of RE ions. The Tb3+ and Eu3− level structures (crystal CaF2) in the near ultraviolet are considered as an example. The peculiarities connected with the polarization characteristics of the two-photon absorption of radiation by the trivalent RE ions in a crystal matrix are discussed. To obtain the two-photon spectra a frequency-tunable organic dye solution laser (ODSL) is used.

physica status solidi (a)•May 16, 1979•28 citations

Two-photon transitions of Gd3+in cubic Cs2NaGdCl6

Mohamed Bouazaoui, B. Jacquier, C. Linarès +1 more

Two-photon absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the 8 S 7/2 → 6 P J , 6 I 7/2 transitions of Gd 3+ ions in the cubic elpasolite Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 . The Gd 3+ ions occupy a centro-symmetric site (O h ); so the odd terms of the crystal field vanish and the pure electric dipole transitions should not be observed in one-photon experiments. As a consequence the electric dipole allowed two-photon transitions involving the 6 I 7/2 and 6 P 3/2 excited states are well observed in contrast with their weakness in the one-photon spectrum. Furthermore the magnetic dipole character of the transitions to the 6 P 5/2 and 6 P 7/2 levels is confirmed. The occurrence of the one-photon transition to 6 P 3/2 is tentatively explained by the J mixing involving the 6 P 7/2 excited state. A qualitative analysis of the relative intensities of the transitions to the 6 P J and 6 I 7/2 levels is presented.

Journal of Physics Condensed Matter•Feb 25, 1991•17 citations

EXCITON DYNAMICS FOLLOWING TWO PHOTON ABSORPTION IN GdCl3

Rachid Mahiou, B. Jacquier, R. L. Cone

Observation by fluorescence of direct two photon absorption within the 8S7/2→6P7/2 transition of the Gd3+ ion following excitation with a pulse dye laser is reported. The whole fluorescence spectra correlate well with the ones obtained from the one UV photon absorption. However excitation spectra exhibits a linenarrowing compare to the OPA and an observable shift when decreasing the temperature from 4.4 K down to the ferromagnetic order below Tc = 2.2 K. At these temperatures, exciton decay exhibits a non exponential behaviour which can be only treated as a sum of two expoentials in disagreament with the OPA measurements.

Le Journal de Physique Colloques•Oct 1, 1985•1 citation

Modified dipole–dipole interactions on optically excited pair transitions

Juan Francisco Lam, Stephen Colby Rand

The absorption of single photons by coupled pairs of ions in rare-earth solids was first observed by Varsanyi and Dieke.1 They noticed that weak absorption of light occurred in PrCl3 at frequencies close to the sum of transition frequencies of individual Pr ions, giving rise to rare-earth fluorescence. This effect was explained by the perturbation theory of Dexter.2 He showed that weak multipole or exchange interactions between rare-earth ions permitted the simultaneous promotion of two ions to excited states by the action of one absorbed photon in an electric dipole allowed transition. Similarly, two ions initially in excited states could emit one sum frequency photon in a cooperative manner.

•Apr 26, 1987•0 citations
The Gd3+ ion has a very special level structure when compared to all others rare-earths ions. Its first excited state is 32.000 cm-1above the ground state(1) This unique property make dificult to study the level structure of this ion in solids due to its superposition with the excitonic absorption band of the crystal. Two photon absorption spectroscopy is the ideal technique to study this ion since the cross section for two photon excitonic transition is forbiden(2)
Abstract Theoretical and experimental investigations are made of two‐photon absorption spectra of trivalent rare‐earth ions in crystals. Effective cross‐sections, selection rules, and relative intensities of the components are found. The most intensive two‐photon transitions are established. Two‐photon excitation spectra of luminescence of Er3+ and Ho3+ ions in CaF2 are obtained and effective excitation cross‐sections are measured using a tunable dye laser (715 to 850 nm). It is shown that the spectra have a peculiar structure which differs considerably from that of the one‐photon absorption spectra. The experimental results agree with theory. It is established that one of the levels in Ho3+ is the level 5G6 rather than 3K7 usually assumed.
To study the role of stepwise and relaxation processes under effective excitation of anti-Stokes luminescence of rare-earth (RE) ions in crystals the time-shifted pulse method is used. It is shown that direct comparison of measured single- and two-photon luminescence excitation spectra often enables one to make immediate conclusions on the position and classification of electron levels of RE ions. The Tb3+ and Eu3− level structures (crystal CaF2) in the near ultraviolet are considered as an example. The peculiarities connected with the polarization characteristics of the two-photon absorption of radiation by the trivalent RE ions in a crystal matrix are discussed. To obtain the two-photon spectra a frequency-tunable organic dye solution laser (ODSL) is used.
Two-photon absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the 8 S 7/2 → 6 P J , 6 I 7/2 transitions of Gd 3+ ions in the cubic elpasolite Cs 2 NaGdCl 6 . The Gd 3+ ions occupy a centro-symmetric site (O h ); so the odd terms of the crystal field vanish and the pure electric dipole transitions should not be observed in one-photon experiments. As a consequence the electric dipole allowed two-photon transitions involving the 6 I 7/2 and 6 P 3/2 excited states are well observed in contrast with their weakness in the one-photon spectrum. Furthermore the magnetic dipole character of the transitions to the 6 P 5/2 and 6 P 7/2 levels is confirmed. The occurrence of the one-photon transition to 6 P 3/2 is tentatively explained by the J mixing involving the 6 P 7/2 excited state. A qualitative analysis of the relative intensities of the transitions to the 6 P J and 6 I 7/2 levels is presented.
Observation by fluorescence of direct two photon absorption within the 8S7/2→6P7/2 transition of the Gd3+ ion following excitation with a pulse dye laser is reported. The whole fluorescence spectra correlate well with the ones obtained from the one UV photon absorption. However excitation spectra exhibits a linenarrowing compare to the OPA and an observable shift when decreasing the temperature from 4.4 K down to the ferromagnetic order below Tc = 2.2 K. At these temperatures, exciton decay exhibits a non exponential behaviour which can be only treated as a sum of two expoentials in disagreament with the OPA measurements.
The absorption of single photons by coupled pairs of ions in rare-earth solids was first observed by Varsanyi and Dieke.1 They noticed that weak absorption of light occurred in PrCl3 at frequencies close to the sum of transition frequencies of individual Pr ions, giving rise to rare-earth fluorescence. This effect was explained by the perturbation theory of Dexter.2 He showed that weak multipole or exchange interactions between rare-earth ions permitted the simultaneous promotion of two ions to excited states by the action of one absorbed photon in an electric dipole allowed transition. Similarly, two ions initially in excited states could emit one sum frequency photon in a cooperative manner.