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理论物理通讯：英文版

The Essence of More Nonlocality with Less Entanglement in Bell Tests

谭勇刚, Liu Qiang, 胡要花, 吕桦

Published Jan 1, 2014• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this paper,we will explore the essence of the phenomenon that state with less entanglement may generate greater Bell violation in the two-qubit Bell tests with CH-type inequalities,i.e.,more nonlocality with less entanglement.We will show that this interesting but counterintuitive phenomenon is caused by the rotational asymmetry of the nonmaximally entangled state in the measurement plane.This asymmetry allows the both-side detection probabilities and the one-side detection probabilities obtain their maximal values with nonmaximally entangled state.But the maximal Bell violation may not always happen on nonmaximally entangled state,because these probabilities will compete with each other,and the Bell violation behaves diferently for various CH-type inequalities.

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In this paper,we will explore the essence of the phenomenon that state with less entanglement may generate greater Bell violation in the two-qubit Bell tests with CH-type inequalities,i.e.,more nonlocality with less entanglement.We will show that this interesting but counterintuitive phenomenon is caused by the rotational asymmetry of the nonmaximally entangled state in the measurement plane.This asymmetry allows the both-side detection probabilities and the one-side detection probabilities obtain their maximal values with nonmaximally entangled state.But the maximal Bell violation may not always happen on nonmaximally entangled state,because these probabilities will compete with each other,and the Bell violation behaves diferently for various CH-type inequalities.
In this paper, we will explore the essence of the phenomenon that state with less entanglement may generate greater Bell violation in the two-qubit Bell tests with CH-type inequalities, i.e., more nonlocality with less entanglement. We will show that this interesting but counterintuitive phenomenon is caused by the rotational asymmetry of the nonmaximally entangled state in the measurement plane. This asymmetry allows the both-side detection probabilities and the one-side detection probabilities obtain their maximal values with nonmaximally entangled state. But the maximal Bell violation may not always happen on nonmaximally entangled state, because these probabilities will compete with each other, and the Bell violation behaves differently for various CH-type inequalities.
While all bipartite pure entangled states are known to generate correlations violating a Bell inequality, and are therefore nonlocal, the quantitative relation between pure state entanglement and nonlocality is poorly understood. In fact, some Bell inequalities are maximally violated by non-maximally entangled states and this phenomenon is also observed for other operational measures of nonlocality. In this work, we study a recently proposed measure of nonlocality defined as the probability that a pure state displays nonlocal correlations when subjected to random measurements. We first prove that this measure satisfies some natural properties for an operational measure of nonlocality. Then, we show that for pure states of two qubits the measure is monotonic with entanglement for all correlation two-outcome Bell inequalities: for all these inequalities, the more the state is entangled, the larger the probability to violate them when random measurements are performed. Finally, we extend our results to the multipartite setting.
It is already known that one can always find a set of measurements on any two-qubit entangled state that will lead to a violation of the CHSH inequality. We provide an explicit state in terms of the angle between Alice's choice of measurements and the angle between Bob's choice of measurements, such that the CHSH inequality is always violated provided Alice's or Bob's choice of inputs are not collinear. We prove that inequalities with a corresponding Bell operator written as a linear combination of tensor products of Pauli matrices, excluding the identity, will generate the most nonlocal correlations using maximally entangled states in our experiment. From this result and a proposition from Horodecki et. al., we are able to construct the state that generates these optimal correlations. To achieve this state in a lab, one party must rotate their qubit using the orthogonal operation we provide and also rotate their Bloch sphere such that all their measurements lie in the same plane. We provide a comprehensive study of how Bell inequalities change when experiments introduce error via imperfect detection efficiency. The original cases of perfect efficiency are covered first and then a more realistic approach, when inefficient detectors are used, will follow. It is shown that less entanglement is needed to demonstrate more nonlocality in some Clasure-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) experiments when detector inefficiency is introduced. An example of this is shown for any given specific set of measurements in the CHSH Bell experiment. This occurs when one party has a detector of efficiency for each choice of input and the other party makes projective measurements. The efficiency can be pushed down to fifty percent while still violating the CHSH inequality, and for the experimental set-up illustrated, there is more nonlocality with less entanglement. Furthermore, it is shown that if the first party has an imperfect detector for only one choice of inputs rather than two, the efficiency can be brought down arbitrarily close to zero percent while still violating the CHSH inequality. Historically, nonlocality and entanglement were viewed as two equivalent resources, but recently this equality has come under question; these results further support this fundamental difference. Further more, we introduce Mermin's game in the case of relaxed conditions. The original constraints were that when the detectors in separate labs of a two-qubit experiment are in the same setting, then the results should be the same. We require that the outcomes are the same at least part of the time, given by some epsilon variable. Initially, one could find a maximum violation of one-fourth by allowing to parties to share the singlet state and have measurement settings one-hundred and twenty degrees apart from one another. By allowing some epsilon error in the perfect correlations regime, one can find a maximum violation of minus one plus the square root of two using the singlet state and measurement inputs that achieve Tsirelson's bound for the CHSH experiment. The reason is that we show Mermin's inequality is technically the CHSH inequality "in disguise", but with using constraints the CHSH experiment does not use. We derive Mermin's inequality under new conditions and give the projective measurements needed to violate maximally.
Recent numerical investigations [K. P\'al and T. V\'ertesi, Phys. Rev. A 82, 022116 (2010)] suggest that the I3322 inequality, arguably the simplest extremal Bell inequality after the CHSH inequality, has a very rich structure in terms of the entangled states and measurements that maximally violate it. Here we show that for this inequality the maximally entangled state of any dimension achieves the same violation than just a single EPR pair. In contrast, stronger violations can be achieved using higher dimensional states which are less entangled. This shows that the maximally entangled state is not the most nonlocal resource, even when one restricts attention to the most simple extremal Bell inequalities.
Quantum nonlocality can be tested in experiments via the violation of the Bell inequality. We propose novel methods of the rearrangement and linear inequality to prove all the known Bell-CH inequalities of Imn22Imn22Imn22-type (m,n≤5m,n\le5m,n≤5). We also derive a set of new Bell-CH inequalities by using these methods which should be violated in quantum entangled states.
It is well-known that in certain scenarios weakly entangled states can generate stronger nonlocal effects than their maximally entangled counterparts. In this paper, we consider violations of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality when one party has inefficient detectors, a scenario known as an asymmetric Bell experiment. For any fixed detection efficiency, we derive a simple upper bound on the entanglement needed to violate the inequality by more than some specified amount $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\ge}0$. When $\ensuremath{\kappa}=0$, the amount of entanglement in all states violating the inequality goes to zero as the detection efficiency approaches 5050%50 from above. We finally consider the scenario in which detection inefficiency arises for only one choice of local measurement. In this case, it is shown that the CHSH inequality can always be violated for any nonzero detection efficiency and any choice of noncommuting measurements.