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Applied Physics B

An ultra-stable optical frequency standard for telecommunication purposes based upon the 5S1/2 → 5D5/2 two-photon transition in rubidium

Osama Terra, Hatem Hussein

Published Jan 30, 2016• 35 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s00340-015-6309-4

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Improvements in the power level of sources near 1550 nm and in the efficiency of waveguide frequency doublers enabled us to lock a frequency-doubled source directly to the 5S(1/2) ? 5D(5/2) two-photon transitions near 778 nm. We obtained a sufficiently powerful second-harmonic signal, exceeding 2 mW, by doubling an external-cavity diode laser that was amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier in a periodically poled LiNbO(3) channel waveguide. Our experimental scheme can be used for realizing compact, high-performance frequency standards near 1550 nm for fiber-optic communication and sensing applications.

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We experimentally study the high-resolution two-photon spectroscopy of rubidium using a single laser. The 5S1/2 − 5P3/2 − 5D5/2 transition is realized via 778.1 nm laser beams acting on the vapor with a counter-propagating configuration. The intensity modulation method is employed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum by two orders of magnitude compared with that for direct measurement. The effects of the vapor temperature, the frequency-scanning speed of the laser, the polarization combination of the laser beams, and the laser power on the spectra are investigated to obtain the optimal experimental parameters. This research is expected to be beneficial for potential applications since it can be used to realize a compact and high-precision frequency standard for optical communication.
Doppler free two photon absorption spectroscopy was employed to measure the pressure broadening and frequency shift rates of the 5S1/2 (F = 3) → 5D5/2 (F = 5, 4, 3, 2, 1) (778.105 nm) and the 5S1/2 (F = 2) → 7S1/2 (F = 2) (760.126 nm) two photon transitions in 85Rb by the noble gases and N2. To our knowledge, these rates are reported on for the first time. The self-broadening and shift rate of the 5S1/2 (F = 3) → 5D5/2 (F = 5, 4, 3, 2, 1) transition and self -broadening rate of the 5S1/2 (F = 2) → 7S1/2 (F = 2) transition were also measured. The temperature dependence of the self-frequency shift (Rb-Rb collisions) of these transitions is presented. Helium diffusion rates through Quartz and Pyrex cells are also calculated and the implication of helium diffusion through glass vapor cells is discussed in regards to atomic frequency standards based on these transitions. Experimental pressure broadening and shift rates are compared to theoretically calculated rates assuming a 6, 8 or 6, 8, 10 difference potential and pseudo potential model. Reasonable agreement is achieved between experimental and theoretical values.
Improvements in the power level of sources near 1550 nm and in the efficiency of waveguide frequency doublers enabled us to lock a frequency-doubled source directly to the 5S(1/2) ? 5D(5/2) two-photon transitions near 778 nm. We obtained a sufficiently powerful second-harmonic signal, exceeding 2 mW, by doubling an external-cavity diode laser that was amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier in a periodically poled LiNbO(3) channel waveguide. Our experimental scheme can be used for realizing compact, high-performance frequency standards near 1550 nm for fiber-optic communication and sensing applications.