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AIP conference proceedings

Lyman-α spectroscopy of magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen

O.J. Luiten, H. G. C. Werij, Irwan D. Setija, M. W. Reynolds, Tom W. Hijmans, Jook T. M. Walraven

Published Jan 1, 1993• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently it became possible to study magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen gas by Lyman‐α spectroscopy. We discuss the typical conditions at which the gas is trapped and how this reflects itself in the observed spectra. We given a description of the experimental apparatus. The use of the system is illustrated by a spectroscopic study of evaporative cooling.

DOI
10.1063/1.43797

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Nature•Aug 22, 2018•76 citations
Recently it became possible to study magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen gas by Lyman‐α spectroscopy. We discuss the typical conditions at which the gas is trapped and how this reflects itself in the observed spectra. We given a description of the experimental apparatus. The use of the system is illustrated by a spectroscopic study of evaporative cooling.
Atomic hydrogen is an important model system for the investigation of the properties of ultra‐cold gases. We summarize the current experimental situation for magnetically confined hydrogen, putting emphasis on recent optical experiments with Lyman‐α radiation. As the research is aimed at gas‐phase properties, the samples are studied at densities where interatomic collisions are frequent and internal thermal equilibrium may be assumed. Interestingly, although optically thick, the samples still may be cooled with light. We discuss both Doppler cooling and light induced evaporative cooling.
Atomic hydrogen has been loaded into a 1-K deep magnetic trap through the use of a dilution refrigerator. Evaporative cooling has been used to cool the trapped hydrogen into the submillikelvin temperature regime. These techniques have produced a sample with density of 8 × 1013 cm-3 at a temperature of 100 μK. At this density a transition to a Bose-Einstein condensate is predicted to occur at a temperature of 30 μK. These results have been obtained with a magnetic trap that has been constructed to accommodate upcoming experiments based on laser spectroscopy of the 1S-2S two photon transition in the trapped hydrogen. A frequency doubled narrow linewidth cw dye laser system has been constructed to excite the 1S-2S transition. The excitation will be detected by the observation of electric field-induced Lyman-alpha fluorescence. The optical detection system should yield improved sample density and temperature diagnostic capabilities that will facilitate a closer approach to the quantum degenerate regime. Additionally the cold, confined hydrogen gas offers the possibility of improving the level of resolution of Doppler-free hydrogen 1S-2S laser spectroscopy by several orders of magnitude.
We report on the first results with resonance enhanced two-photon spectroscopy of magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen, exciting the transition from the 1S1S1S ground state to the 3S3S3S or the 3D3D3D state. The spectroscopic method introduces tunable transparency to resonant optical studies of cold dense gases. It combines sensitivity (due to the near resonant 2P2P2P state) with high resolution (in principle limited only by the 3S3S3S state lifetime), making it a precision tool for optical investigation of ultracold H gas. To demonstrate its potential, the dynamic evolution of H gas during evaporative cooling is quantitatively investigated by analysis of two-photon absorption spectra.
We have confined over 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1012{10}^{12}1012 atoms of hydrogen in a static magnetic trap. The atoms are loaded into the trap by precooling with a dilution refrigerator. At operating densities near 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1013{10}^{13}1013 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ the gas is observed to be electron and nuclear polarized in the uppermost hyperfine state. The long lifetime of the trapped gas (over 20 min) suggests that it is thermally decoupled from the wall and has evaporatively cooled to a temperature of about 40 mK. The residual decay of the gas density is consistent with spin relaxation induced by dipolar interactions between atoms.
In 1906, Theodore Lyman discovered his eponymous series of transitions in the extreme-ultraviolet region of the atomic hydrogen spectrum1,2. The patterns in the hydrogen spectrum helped to establish the emerging theory of quantum mechanics, which we now know governs the world at the atomic scale. Since then, studies involving the Lyman-α line—the 1S–2P transition at a wavelength of 121.6 nanometres—have played an important part in physics and astronomy, as one of the most fundamental atomic transitions in the Universe. For example, this transition has long been used by astronomers studying the intergalactic medium and testing cosmological models via the so-called ‘Lyman-α forest’3 of absorption lines at different redshifts. Here we report the observation of the Lyman-α transition in the antihydrogen atom, the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. Using narrow-line-width, nanosecond-pulsed laser radiation, the 1S–2P transition was excited in magnetically trapped antihydrogen. The transition frequency at a field of 1.033 tesla was determined to be 2,466,051.7 ± 0.12 gigahertz (1σ uncertainty) and agrees with the prediction for hydrogen to a precision of 5 × 10−8. Comparisons of the properties of antihydrogen with those of its well-studied matter equivalent allow precision tests of fundamental symmetries between matter and antimatter. Alongside the ground-state hyperfine4,5 and 1S–2S transitions6,7 recently observed in antihydrogen, the Lyman-α transition will permit laser cooling of antihydrogen8,9, thus providing a cold and dense sample of anti-atoms for precision spectroscopy and gravity measurements10. In addition to the observation of this fundamental transition, this work represents both a decisive technological step towards laser cooling of antihydrogen, and the extension of antimatter spectroscopy to quantum states possessing orbital angular momentum. The observation of the 1S–2P Lyman-α transition in the antihydrogen atom, the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen, is reported.