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Springer eBooks

Amplitude Squeezing of the Fundamental Field by Means of Traveling-Wave Quasi-Phasematched Second-Harmonic Generation in a LiNbO3 Waveguide

Darwin K. Serkland, Prem Kumar, Mark A. Arbore, M. M. Fejer

Published Jan 1, 1997• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4615-5923-8_46

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We demonstrate that traveling-wave second-harmonic generation produces amplitude-squeezed light at both the fundamental and the harmonic frequencies. Quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic conversion efficiencies approaching 60% were obtained in a 26-mm-long single-mode LiNbO(3) waveguide with pulses from a mode-locked laser at 1.53 microm. The amplitude noise of the transmitted fundamental field was measured to be 0.8 dB below the shot-noise level, and the generated 0.765-microm harmonic light was measured to be amplitude squeezed by 0.35 dB. The conversion-efficiency dependence of the observed squeezing at both wavelengths agrees with theoretical predictions. Waveguide losses appear to degrade the squeezing, but the maximum observed squeezing is currently limited only by the available input power.

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We report the observation of coherent emission from three rare-earth ions in electro-optic crystals. Oscillation is observed from Nd3+ ions in Bi4Ge3O12, LiNbO3, and Ba0.75Ca0.25Nb26O at room temperature, and from Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions in LiNbO3 at 77°K. Second-harmonic radiation is obtained from LiNbO3:Tm3+ and electric-field modulation of threshold is observed for certain crystals of LiNbO3:Nd3+. The latter effect is believed to arise from crystal strain. The propagation angle for phase-matched second-harmonic generation is calculated to lie at 43° to the c axis for both LiNbO3:Tm3+ and LiNbO3:Ho3+ at 77°K. Phasematched second-harmonic generation from LiNbO3:Nd3+ is not possible, since the maser line is an extraordinary wave. However, the polarization of the maser line in LiNbO3:Nd3+ is appropriate for phasematched parametric frequency conversion in the near infrared. Attempts to observe such radiation were not successful due to the limited power available in the fundamental.

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Evolution of quantum noise in the traveling-wave second-order [χ^(2)] nonlinear process

Ruo-Ding Li, Prem Kumar

We analyze the evolution of quantum noise in both the fundamental and the harmonic fields that are undergoing traveling-wave interaction in a second-order [χ(2)] nonlinear medium. Assuming perfect phase matching between the fundamental and the harmonic fields and arbitrary input boundary conditions, the behavior of quantum noise in the propagating fields is studied by linearization of the nonlinear-operator equations around the mean-field values. We first consider the degenerate case that is applicable to type-I phase-matching geometries, obtaining expressions for squeezing in both the fundamental and the harmonic fields. We then analyze the polarization-nondegenerate case that applies to type-II phase-matching geometries. In the special case, when the two orthogonally polarized fundamental inputs are of equal amplitude, we obtain analytical results and show that the type-II phase-matched second-harmonic-generation process can be configured to generate sub-Poissonian light in both polarization components of the fundamental field. Finally, we numerically solve the linearized quadrature-operator equations along with the nonlinear mean-field equations for the general case of type-II phase matching. For both type-I and type-II processes, we find that whenever the fundamental field experiences deamplification it is associated with amplitude squeezing and phase desqueezing. If, in contrast, the fundamental field experiences amplification, then it is accompanied by amplitude desqueezing, but with squeezing in the phase quadrature. The harmonic field is amplitude squeezed if the input boundary condition leads to harmonic conversion and is phase squeezed if the input boundary condition leads to parametric amplification.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Nov 1, 1995•15 citations
We demonstrate that traveling-wave second-harmonic generation produces amplitude-squeezed light at both the fundamental and the harmonic frequencies. Quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic conversion efficiencies approaching 60% were obtained in a 26-mm-long single-mode LiNbO(3) waveguide with pulses from a mode-locked laser at 1.53 microm. The amplitude noise of the transmitted fundamental field was measured to be 0.8 dB below the shot-noise level, and the generated 0.765-microm harmonic light was measured to be amplitude squeezed by 0.35 dB. The conversion-efficiency dependence of the observed squeezing at both wavelengths agrees with theoretical predictions. Waveguide losses appear to degrade the squeezing, but the maximum observed squeezing is currently limited only by the available input power.
We report the observation of coherent emission from three rare-earth ions in electro-optic crystals. Oscillation is observed from Nd3+ ions in Bi4Ge3O12, LiNbO3, and Ba0.75Ca0.25Nb26O at room temperature, and from Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions in LiNbO3 at 77°K. Second-harmonic radiation is obtained from LiNbO3:Tm3+ and electric-field modulation of threshold is observed for certain crystals of LiNbO3:Nd3+. The latter effect is believed to arise from crystal strain. The propagation angle for phase-matched second-harmonic generation is calculated to lie at 43° to the c axis for both LiNbO3:Tm3+ and LiNbO3:Ho3+ at 77°K. Phasematched second-harmonic generation from LiNbO3:Nd3+ is not possible, since the maser line is an extraordinary wave. However, the polarization of the maser line in LiNbO3:Nd3+ is appropriate for phasematched parametric frequency conversion in the near infrared. Attempts to observe such radiation were not successful due to the limited power available in the fundamental.
We analyze the evolution of quantum noise in both the fundamental and the harmonic fields that are undergoing traveling-wave interaction in a second-order [χ(2)] nonlinear medium. Assuming perfect phase matching between the fundamental and the harmonic fields and arbitrary input boundary conditions, the behavior of quantum noise in the propagating fields is studied by linearization of the nonlinear-operator equations around the mean-field values. We first consider the degenerate case that is applicable to type-I phase-matching geometries, obtaining expressions for squeezing in both the fundamental and the harmonic fields. We then analyze the polarization-nondegenerate case that applies to type-II phase-matching geometries. In the special case, when the two orthogonally polarized fundamental inputs are of equal amplitude, we obtain analytical results and show that the type-II phase-matched second-harmonic-generation process can be configured to generate sub-Poissonian light in both polarization components of the fundamental field. Finally, we numerically solve the linearized quadrature-operator equations along with the nonlinear mean-field equations for the general case of type-II phase matching. For both type-I and type-II processes, we find that whenever the fundamental field experiences deamplification it is associated with amplitude squeezing and phase desqueezing. If, in contrast, the fundamental field experiences amplification, then it is accompanied by amplitude desqueezing, but with squeezing in the phase quadrature. The harmonic field is amplitude squeezed if the input boundary condition leads to harmonic conversion and is phase squeezed if the input boundary condition leads to parametric amplification.