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International Journal of Quantum Information

Quantum direct communication protocol strengthening against Pavičić’s attack

Bo Zhang, Weixu Shi, Jian Wang, Chaojing Tang

Published Oct 1, 2015• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A quantum circuit providing an undetectable eavesdropping of information in message mode, which compromises all two-state [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] quantum direct communication (QDC) protocols, has been recently proposed by Pavičić [Phys. Rev. A 87 (2013) 042326]. A modification of the protocol’s control mode is proposed, which improves users’ 25% detection probability of Eve to 50% at best, as that in ping-pong protocol. The modification also improves the detection probability of Wójcik’s attack [Phys. Rev. Lett 90 (2003) 157901] to 75% at best. The resistance against man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack as well as the discussion of security for four Bell state protocols is presented. As a result, the protocol security is strengthened both theoretically and practically, and quantum advantage of superdense coding is restored.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749915500525

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A quantum circuit providing an undetectable eavesdropping of information in message mode, which compromises all two-state [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] quantum direct communication (QDC) protocols, has been recently proposed by Pavičić [Phys. Rev. A 87 (2013) 042326]. A modification of the protocol’s control mode is proposed, which improves users’ 25% detection probability of Eve to 50% at best, as that in ping-pong protocol. The modification also improves the detection probability of Wójcik’s attack [Phys. Rev. Lett 90 (2003) 157901] to 75% at best. The resistance against man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack as well as the discussion of security for four Bell state protocols is presented. As a result, the protocol security is strengthened both theoretically and practically, and quantum advantage of superdense coding is restored.
Quantum direct communication (QDC) can bring confidentiality of sensitive information without any encryption. A ping-pong protocol, a well-known example of entanglement-based QDC, offers asymptotic security in a perfect quantum channel. However, it has been shown (Wójcik in Phys Rev Lett 90(15):157901, 2003. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.157901 ) that it is not secure in the presence of losses. Moreover, legitimate parities cannot rely on dense information coding due to possible undetectable eavesdropping even in the perfect setting (Pavičić in Phys Rev A 87(4):042326, 2013. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.87.042326 ). We have identified the source of the above-mentioned weaknesses in the incomplete check of the EPR pair coherence. We propose an improved version of the control mode, and we discuss its relation to the already-known attacks that undermine the QDC security. It follows that the new control mode detects these attacks with high probability and independently on a quantum channel type. As a result, an asymptotic security of the QDC communication can be maintained for imperfect quantum channels, also in the regime of dense information coding.
A scheme for deterministic secure direct communication based on ping-pong protocol without restricting the security control only to a distinct control mode and debate via classical channel is proposed. It utilizes an entangled pair of qubits and presents a higher bit-rate transfer of information together with a higher security than ping-pong protocol. The security of protocol is enhanced by introducing a control factor for each message mode. It is explicitly showed that the protocol has a high degree of security against a class of individual attacks, and successfully resolves the famous Wojcik attack.
The existence of undetectable eavesdropping of dense coded information has been already demonstrated by Pavičić for the quantum direct communication based on the ping-pong paradigm. However, (a) the explicit scheme of the circuit is only given and no design rules are provided; (b) the existence of losses is implicitly assumed; (c) the attack has been formulated against qubit based protocol only and it is not clear whether it can be adapted to higher dimensional systems. These deficiencies are removed in the presented contribution. A new generic eavesdropping scheme built on a firm theoretical background is proposed. In contrast to the previous approach, it does not refer to the properties of the vacuum state, so it is fully consistent with the absence of losses assumption. Moreover, the scheme applies to the communication paradigm based on signal particles of any dimensionality. It is also shown that some well known attacks are special cases of the proposed scheme.
Ping-Pong quantum communication protocol may be employed to transmit deterministically information, so it has instrigued mang researchers. However, there are drawbacks on the security due to the symmetry of the employed two-way quantum channel. In this paper we propose a new attack strategy to eavesdrop the initially transmitted information based on the techniques of quantum error correction code (QECC). In addition, an attack strategy of Ping-Pong scheme based either entanglement state or nonorthogonal state is proofed and demonstrated, respectively. Furthermore, information obtained by Eve and the possible probability detected by the legitimate communicators are analyzed by employing information theorems. Detail proofs and analysis illustrate all previous Ping-Pong quantum communication schemes are insecure, i.e., the eavesdropper may obtain all available information without being detected.
A quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol based on the hyper-entangled state is proposed to improve the efficiency of eavesdropping detection in an improved “ping-pong” protocol, in which we use the hyper-entangled state to detect eavesdropping during the quantum communication. In the security analysis, we use the entropy theory method to calculate the amount of information and compare the detection strategy of two QSDC protocols quantitatively by comparing the constraint between the maximal amount of information that the eavesdropper can get, and the probability that the eavesdropper is detected. The probability of being detected will be 50% in the original QSDC protocol which based on the Bell states if the eavesdropper attempts to get all the information, however, in the proposed protocol this probability can reach 75%, which indicates that the proposed protocol is more secure.
Ping-Pong protocol is a Quantum Secure Direct Communication protocol that fails to transfer a secure key or secret message optimally in a lossy or noisy channel. The reason is an eavesdropper who possibly hides in the light of these channel losses and gains information about the secure key bits or secret messages. We propose an efficient modification to the control mode of the original Ping-Pong protocol leading to the detection of an eavesdropper with a much higher probability which may not allow her to hide in the light of lossy channels. Assuming that Eve knows and makes a fixed number of right guesses about the modification in the protocol, an optimum ratio of modification can be evaluated. In addition, it is shown that incorporation of the proposed modification in the protocol doubles the eavesdropper’s detection probability for certain eavesdropping operations.