Classical Theory of Measurement: A Big Step Towards the Quantum Theory of Measurement

Paul Busch, PEKKA J. LAHTI, Peter Mittelstaedt

Daegene Song

Based on the equivalence of the two different types of measurement protocols and the asymmetry between the Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures, it has been previously proposed that negative sea fills the universe as a nondeterministic computation - a time-reversal process of the irreversible computations presented since the big bang. The goal of this paper is to extend the proposed subjective universe model, i.e., the universe as a quantum measurement: Motivated by the relationship between quantum theory and classical probability theory with continuity, it is argued that the frame of reference of the observer may be identified with classical probability theory where its choice, along with big bang singularity, should correspond to the quantum observable. That is, the physical version of singularity resolution corresponds to the case, where big bang singularity is equivalent to the continuity of the negative sea, or aether, filling the universe as a frame of reference of the observer. Moreover, based on the holographic principle, we identify the choice of the observer with the degrees of freedom proportional to the Planck area on the horizon. We also discuss that the continuity or infinity present in every formal language of choice acceptable in nondeterministic computation may be associated with the universal grammar proposed by Chomsky in linguistics.

Daegene Song

Based on the equivalence of the two different types of measurement protocols and the asymmetry between the Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures, it has been previously proposed that negative sea fills the universe as a nondeterministic computation - a time-reversal process of the irreversible computations presented since the big bang. The goal of this paper is to extend the proposed subjective universe model, i.e., the universe as a quantum measurement: Motivated by the relationship between quantum theory and classical probability theory with continuity, it is argued that the frame of reference of the observer may be identified with classical probability theory where its choice, along with big bang singularity, should correspond to the quantum observable. That is, the physical version of singularity resolution corresponds to the case, where big bang singularity is equivalent to the continuity of the negative sea, or aether, filling the universe as a frame of reference of the observer. Moreover, based on the holographic principle, we identify the choice of the observer with the degrees of freedom proportional to the Planck area on the horizon. We also discuss that the continuity or infinity present in every formal language of choice acceptable in nondeterministic computation may be associated with the universal grammar proposed by Chomsky in linguistics.

Tim Kovachy, Tejas Deshpande

The interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity is almost as mysterious today as it was half a century ago despite remarkable progress in either field. Putting aside exotic topics like quantum theories of gravity, even a purely classical quantity, such as Newton’s gravitational constant (or “big G”), has not been measured to a precision and accuracy close to that of other fundamental constants (e.g. speed of light, fine structure constant, etc.). Moreover, until recently [1], most measurements of big G have been classical in nature. Therefore, using a quantum sensor, such as an atomic gradiometer, to perform precision measurements of big G not only adds another (quantum) dimension to said measurement, but also opens a window into studying other fundamental classical gravitational phenomena, like measuring gravitational waves [2]. Furthermore, due to the quantum nature of the sensor apparatus, the interplay of gravity and quantum mechanics can be explored by studying effects such as gravitational decoherence [3]. In this talk, I will discuss ongoing progress on the construction of a 2 meter tall atom interferometer using Strontium. By virtue of the bosonic isotope (Strontium-88) having a zero nuclear spin, the demands on magnetic shielding of the apparatus are relaxed compared to (say) alkali atoms. Once operational over the 2 meter baseline, this atom interferometer will be used to perform short-distance tests (10 centimeters to 1 meter) of gravity using source (or proof) masses in the 100 kilogram range or higher. The distance between the gravitational sensor (i.e. atom interferometer) and the proof masses can be varied using appropriate translation stages. This measurement configuration will allow us to perform precision measurements of big G. [1] Rosi et al. (2014). Nature 510, 518-521. [2] Abe et al. (2021) Quantum Science and Technology 6, 044003. [3] Roura (2020). Physical Review X 10, 021014.

K. Kong Wan